26. The TError Network

Neoconservatives

President Carter’s National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski’s strategy of employing the Mujahideen of Afghanistan in their war against the Soviet occupation became the basis of the Reagan Doctrine, implemented under the Reagan Administration to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under Reagan, the Heritage Foundation and other conservative foreign policy think tanks saw a political opportunity to transform the policy into a more global “doctrine,” involving American overt and covert support to anti-communist resistance movements in Soviet-allied nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. According to political analysts Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould, “it was the Heritage Foundation that translated theory into concrete policy. Heritage targeted nine nations for rollback: Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Iran, Laos, Libya, Nicaragua, and Vietnam.”[1] The new strategy against the Soviet Union, which Reagan had characterized as the “evil empire,” was orchestrated by the neoconservatives, spearheaded by Michael Ledeen, the devious Machiavellian and chief disinformation agent of the Mossad.

It was also John Maynard Hutchins, co-founder of the Aspen Institute, who appointed Leo Strauss (1899 – 1973), the godfather of the Neoconservative movement, to Distinguished Service Professor of Chicago University in 1959. The neoconservatives had their intellectual roots in Commentary, the monthly review magazine of the American Jewish Committee (AJC), which was founded in 1906 with the assistance of Jacob Schiff.[2] Commentary’s editor Norman Podhoretz and his wife Midge Decter were among the original champions of the neoconservative movement.  Irving Kristol, the eventual leader of the neoconservatives, founded Encounter magazine, which like Commentary was closely associated with the CIA’s front in the cultural Cold War, the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). Following Ramparts’ publication of information exposing the CCF as a CIA front, Kristol left in the late 1960s and became affiliated with American Enterprise Institute (AEI), created in 1938, and which included Milton Friedman among its early advisors.[3]

Michael Ledeen, who would become a leader of the Neoconservatives and a nefarious disinformation agent, became a holder of the Freedom Chair at AEI, and was a founding member Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA). In “What Machiavelli (A Secret Jew?) Learned From Moses,” Ledeen lists the precedents of Columbus and his crew likely being Jews, and the Jesuits being founded by Marranos to suggest that it is plausible that Machiavelli was a secret Jew. More specifically, Ledeen believes that Machiavelli’s philosophy was characteristically un-Christian, and concludes that he was “at least kinda Jewish, and maybe even very Jewish.” According to Ledeen:

 

Machiavelli tirelessly denounced the soft, forgiving, turn-the-other-cheek themes of Christianity, and called instead for a return to older, pre-Christian values of manly virtue, courage and a willingness to do the hard, sometimes even evil things that are required of great leaders, a theme that is found explicitly in several Mishnaic lessons, as well as implicitly in the Torah.[4]

 

John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, in their controversial bestseller, The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy, state that “pro-Israel figures have established a commanding presence at the American Enterprise Institute, the Center for Security Policy, the Foreign Policy Research Institute, The Heritage Foundation, the Hudson Institute, the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA). These think tanks are all decidedly pro-Israel and include few, if any, critics of U.S. support for the Jewish state.” The most powerful organization of the Israel Lobby is the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which the authors claim in particular has a “stranglehold on the U.S. Congress,” due to its “ability to reward legislators and congressional candidates who support its agenda, and to punish those who challenge it.”[5]

AIPAC was founded in 1951 by Isaiah L. “Si” Kenen, whose family was active in the Zionist movement. His father established the first Bnei Zion club in Toronto and attended the first meetings of the World Zionist Congress. In the 1940s, Kenen served as the information director of the Jewish Agency and following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, he served on the Israeli delegation to the United Nations. Kenen originally ran the American Zionist Committee for Public Affairs (AZCPA) as a lobbying division of the American Zionist Council (AZC), an umbrella organization of American Jewish groups, which focused on Israel and included the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), which was initially founded in 1897 as the Federation of American Zionists (FAZ). Former ZOA presidents during the period included the Judge Louis Brandeis and Stephen Wise. The founding of AZC was in part a response to the negative international reaction to the October 1953 Qibya massacre, in which Israeli troops under Ariel Sharon killed at least sixty-nine Palestinian villagers, two-thirds of them women and children.[6] Kenen, a lobbyist for the AZC, had at earlier times worked for the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As the Eisenhower administration suspected the AZC of being funded by the government of Israel, it was decided that the lobbying efforts should be separated into a separate organization with separate finances. Details from declassified FBI files released in 2012 reveal Kenen’s early interactions with the Mossad, which led the FBI to conclude he was involved in a massive covert operation for the Israeli government. The FBI report characterized Kenen’s exchanges as examples of “efforts being made by the Israelis to change the policies of the United States State Department.”[7]

Under Attorney General Robert Kennedy, the Department of Justice (DOJ) instructed the AZC to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), which regulates organizations that promote or lobby on behalf of a foreign government which are required account for their finances and activities. AZC attorneys stalled for time, but on August 16, 1963, a DOJ analyst reviewed the case and concluded, “The Department should insist on the immediate registration of the American Zionist Council under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.”[8] On October 11, the DOJ demanded that AZC register, and “the department expects a response from you within 72 hours.”[9]

On October 17, a DOJ memorandum reports that attorneys for AZC offered to provide the required financial disclosures but pleaded that registering as a foreign agent “would be so publicized by the American Council on Judaism that it would eventually destroy the Zionist movement.”[10] Mordechai Vanunu, an Israeli former nuclear technician and peace activist who, citing his opposition to weapons of mass destruction, revealed details of Israel’s nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986, and that Israel was complicit in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, on November 22, 1963, because of his opposition to the nuclear program at Negev Nuclear Research Center of Dimona.[11] The assassination plot was carried out by Permindex, a Mossad-front, in league with Lyndon Johnson and Dallas oil tycoons like Sid Richardson, Clint Murchison and H.L. Hunt, as well as the John Birch Society, the members Ku Klux Klan and Operation 40, composed of anti-Castro Cuban activists and rogue CIA agents led by Ted Shackley, also known as the Secret Team.[12]

After Johnson succeeded Kenney as president, US policy towards the Middle East changed significantly. From the start, Johnson told an Israeli diplomat, “You have lost a very great friend. But you have found a better one.”[13] Haaretz reported, “Historians generally regard Johnson as the president most uniformly friendly to Israel.”[14] The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs wrote that “Lyndon Johnson Was First to Align U.S. Policy with Israel’s Policies” and “Up to Johnson’s presidency, no administration had been as completely pro-Israel and anti-Arab as his.” The DOJ’s efforts to require the AZC to register with FARA became increasingly weak, until they were dropped under Johnson’s new Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach.[15]

AZCPA was renamed the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) in 1959, and Kenen led the organization until his retirement in 1974, when he was succeeded by Morris J. Amitay, (1936 – 2023) who was also vice chairman of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), founded in 1976 focusing on issues of national security, advocating that Israel can play an important role in bolstering democracy. The New York Times described AIPAC as “a major force in shaping United States policy in the Middle East.”[16] Larry Weinberg (1926 – 2019), a Jewish-American real estate developer who was one of the founders of the NBA’s Portland Trail Blazers, who was elected head of AIPAC in 1976, developed personal connections to Menachem Begin. AIPAC which has been called one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the US, has been accused of being strongly allied with the Likud and the Republican Party. [17]

The neoconservatives distinguished themselves by allying with the Nixon administration with respect to foreign policy, especially by their endorsement of the Vietnam War and opposition to the Soviet Union. The neoconservatives’ new strategy towards the Soviet Union was shaped by another former Trotskyist, Albert Wohlstetter, an influential though controversial nuclear strategist of the Cold War, who along with Henry Kissinger was one of the inspirations for the film Dr. Strangelove. Wohlstetter was the dominant figure at the RAND Corporation, the defense and information think tank in the Los Angeles area. Wohlstetter ended up at the University of Chicago where he joined Milton Friedman and Leo Strauss, where he became his protégé.

After Nixon was forced to resign in 1974, the neoconservatives allied themselves with two right-wingers in the administration of his successor Gerald Ford, who used the escalation of terrorism as a pretext to adopt a hard line against Soviet communism. They were Donald Rumsfeld, the new secretary of defense, and Dick Cheney, Ford’s Chief of Staff. While Nixon and Kissinger had initiated a period of détente with the Soviet Union, Rumsfeld resuscitated the old paranoia by now giving speeches about the Soviet’s “steadiness of purpose” in building up their military defenses relative to those of the United States. The CIA denied the allegations, confirming that they were a complete fiction. But Rumsfeld used his position to persuade Ford to set up an independent inquiry, known as Team B, which he insisted would prove that there was a hidden threat to America. That inquiry would be run by a group of neoconservatives, one of whom was Paul Wolfowitz.

 

Le Cercle

The Heritage Foundation also has connections to Le Cercle, the synarchist organization that would become the umbrella of the Fascist International, and which was founded Antoine Pinay, in 1952-1954, a year before his participation in the founding of the Bilderberg Group.[18] Otto von Habsburg, Konrad Adenauer and Franz Josef Strauss were co-founders. The other members of the original Cercle were from the Governments of Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands including a number of members of the Catholic Opus Dei and the Knights of Malta.[19]Le Cercle has been described as “an international right-wing propaganda group, which brings together serving or retired intelligence officers and politicians with links to right-wing intelligence factions from most of the countries in Europe.”[20] Also included in Le Cercle were the founding fathers of the European Union: Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet. The Germans and Frenchmen were soon joined by government members from Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands—the other founding countries of the European Economic Community (EEC) created in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome. Among the prominent politicians associated with the Le Cercle were Giulio Andreotti, Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Paul Vanden Boeynants, John Vorster, General Antonio de Spínola, Henry Kissinger, Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan.[21]

Le Cercle chairman Brian Crozier, a British intelligence agent and journalist who would succeed Jean Violet as chairman of Le Cercle, created his intelligence network The 61 with funding from both the CIA and the Heritage Foundation.[22] According to David Teacher, the “co-organisers” of the Cercle were “dissident veterans of the Anglo-American intelligence community—rogue agents”: Ted Shackley; Nicholas Elliott, ex-senior man in MI6 whose close friends included James Jesus Angleton, Kim Philby and Miles Copeland; Donald Jameson a veteran of the CIA’s Directorate of Operations.[23] Crozier wrote for Reuters and The Economist, was an editor for The Sunday Times and a commentator for the BBC. He also contributed articles to the CCF’s Encounter and wrote a column for National Review. A veteran of the cold war, Crozier advised the British ISI, MI6, the Information Research Department (IRD) of the British Foreign Office and the CIA. He successfully courted Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, and praised the dictators Pinochet and Franco. Crozier also founded propaganda groups including the Institute for the Study of Conflict (ISC), and Shield which succeeded in getting Thatcher elected.[24]

Michael Straight (1916 – 2004), the son of the founders of the New Republic, attended Cambridge and joined the  Cambridge Apostles, and worked for the Soviet Union as part of a spy ring known as the Cambridge Five whose members included Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Kim Philby, the son of St. John “Abdullah” Philby, and KGB recruiter Anthony Blunt, the grand-nephew of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt.[25] After returning to the United States in 1937, Straight worked as a speechwriter for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After the war, he took over as publisher of The New Republic. In 1963, Straight was offered a job as adviser on arts endowment with the Kennedy administration. Knowing that his background would be investigated, he approached his friend Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. one of Kennedy’s advisers, who suggested he reveal the truth to the FBI. Straight was subsequently interviewed by MI5. After being given immunity from prosecution, Blunt confessed to everything.[26] In 1974, Straight married his second wife, Nina G. Auchincloss Steers, the half-sister of Gore Vidal and stepsister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.

In 1970, Crozier had established the Institute for the Study of Conflict (ISC), a right-wing propaganda group backed by the CIA. Almost all the key ISC staff were former personnel from MI6, IRD, CCF or the London-based CIA propaganda operation called Forum World Features (FWF).[27] CIA funding for the FWF was provided via Crozier’s old American friend Frank Barnett, who founded the National Strategy Information Center (NSIC), together with wartime OSS veteran William Casey, Reagan’s future campaign manager and his first Director of the CIA.[28] Another important staff member of the ISC was Robert Moss, who would become Crozier’s close collaborator throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Moss would become editor of Economist Foreign Report from 1974 to 1980 and would serve as one of the CIA’s main disinformation assets.[29] In a paper presented to the International Institute of Strategic Studies in 1971, Moss was one of the first to identify the emergence of international terrorism. He edited The Economist’s weekly Foreign Report from 1974-1980, and wrote for many other publications, including The Daily Telegraph, The New York Times Magazine, The New Republic and Commentary.[30]

Crozier also had links to the Conservative Monday Club, the main political group echoing the ISC’s concerns on communist subversion.[31] The Monday Club was set up within the Conservative party in 1961 to bring together defenders of South African Apartheid and White Rhodesia, in opposition to the decolonization and immigration policies of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. A member and later patron of the Conservative Monday Club was Julian Amery, prominent MP on the Conservative Right with a long history of extensive intelligence, who would succeed Crozier as president of Le Cercle. His father Leo Amery, one of the authors of the Balfour Declaration. Julian’s brother, John Amery, was the founder of the British Free Corps (BFC), a unit of the Waffen-SS made up of British and Dominion prisoners of war who had been recruited by Germany. John also became a close associate of Jacques Doriot, founder of the Parti Populaire Français (PPF). John was eventually hanged for treason for his recruitment efforts and propaganda broadcasts for Nazi Germany. Julian Amery attended the founding conference of the CCF organized by Arthur Koestler in Berlin, and served on its International Steering Committee. At the time, Amery was also one of the leading members of the Central and Eastern Europe Commission of the European Movement.[32]

 

CSIS 

In 1979, the NSIC created the Consortium for the Study of Intelligence to organize a series of conferences in Washington whose proceedings would have considerable influence on the defense policy of the Reagan Administration. The conferences brought together many of the American allies of Le Cercle and Crozier’s 6I. The first conference was a Colloquium on Analysis and Estimates, attended amongst others by Richard V. Allen, chief foreign policy advisor to Governor Reagan and a 6I contact, Barnett, Trager and Godson of the NSIC, Ray S. Cline and his close friend and associate Michael Ledeen, and Team B’s Richard Pipes of the USCISC and the then Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz.[33]

Ledeen, explains Fred Landis, “was transmogrified from a petty propagandist into a national security expert through his post at the CIA-affiliated think-tank Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), founded in 1962 at Georgetown University. When Reagan took office, Ledeen was one of over 30 CSIS staffers to join the new administration.”[34] Ledeen was senior researcher and editor of the Washington Quarterly published by CSIS. CSIS’s funding is provided in part by the Rockefeller Foundation, and major funders from Big Oil and the Military-Industrial Complex, including ExxonMobil, Bank of America, Boeing, Chevron, General Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and Saudi ARAMCO.[35] The CSIS board of trustees included many former senior government officials including Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, William Cohen, George Argyros and Brent Scowcroft. Within the intelligence community, CSIS is known for having “some of the most insightful analysis and innovative ideas for strengthening our national security,” according to former CIA Director John Brennan.[36]

As indicated by Landis, in the wake of the Church Committee investigations, the CIA had been forced to back off from its recruiting of agents from within the media. Therefore, as an alternative, the CIA made use of intellectuals at think tanks like CSIS, whose work was made public in publications like the National Review, Commentary, New Republic, and Harper’s.[37] In 1976, New Republic published an article by Claire Sterling and Ledeen claiming that the Italian Communist Party had received secret funding from the Soviets. The New Republic was at that time published by Robert J. Myers, a friend of Ray Cline, and former assistant to William Colby at the CIA.[38]

Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman called Ledeen a “neoconservative activist and disinformationist.”[39] The phony stories Ledeen was involved in concocting was were that there was a KGB Mole in the Carter administration, who was the cause of the loss of Iran and Nicaragua; that the Soviet Union was behind an International Terror Network, and tried to kill the Pope; that the Libyans as well as Iranians tried to kill President Reagan; and that Fidel Castro and Tomas Borge are major narcotics dealers. The first four of these hoaxes, explains Landis, were the “Mossad Party Platform” for the 1980 US elections.[40] In the early 1980s, Ledeen also appeared before the newly established Senate Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, alongside William Colby, author Claire Sterling and former Newsweek editor Arnaud de Borchgrave. Both Ledeen and de Borchgrave worked for the CSIS at the time. All four testified that they believed the Soviet Union had provided for material support, training and inspiration for various terrorist groupings.[41] Robert Moss and de Borchgrave, who was a senior adviser at CSIS and director of the Global Organized Crime Project, worked on two notorious disinformation novels, The Spike (1980) and Monimbo (1983), both heavily influenced by James Jesus Angleton and filled with plots of Soviet subversion launched with the assistance of the Sandinista government in Nicaragua and the complicity of left-wing journalists in Europe.[42]

Ledeen was influenced by Sterling’s best-selling 1981 book, The Terror Network, which alleged that all terrorist groups, from the PLO to the Baader-Meinhof group in Germany and the IRA were secretly operated by the Soviet Union. According to Melvin Goodman, the Head of Office of Soviet Affairs at the CIA from 1976-1987, the claims of a terror network were in fact black propaganda created by the CIA.[43] To recruit President Reagan to their objectives, the neoconservatives had set out to prove that the Soviet threat was far greater than what Team B had initially proposed. They would demonstrate that the majority of terrorism and revolutionary movements around the world were part of a secret Soviet conspiracy. As explained by Joseph Trento, with the Team B experiment:

 

…Bush allowed the conservatives a foot in the CIA door and at the same time discredited the liberals and their work inside the Agency. These conservatives would one day control the policy and practices of the intelligence community under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush. They would report in the early 1980s that America was falling behind the Soviet Union militarily and would encourage the massive buildup of American military hardware that occurred under Reagan. Under the elder Bush, they would encourage the 1991 Persian Gulf War, and under the younger Bush support the unproven missile defence system and another war in Iraq.[44]

 

Though the CIA initially denounced all such allegations as mere neoconservative fantasy, William Casey, who was the new head of the CIA, was a powerful ally of the neoconservatives. As reported by Barbara Honegger, who was present for the discussion, when Reagan asked Casey to explain his goal as CIA director, he responded, “We’ll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false.”[45] Casey was convinced of the plot outlined in the Terror Network and called a meeting of the CIA’s Soviet analysts and told them to produce a report for the President that proved the network existed. But the analysts informed him that much of the information in the book came from black propaganda the CIA deliberately invented to impugn the Soviet Union. All the analysts were therefore dismissed.

However, at the State Department, then-Secretary of State Alexander Haig and his director of policy planning Paul Wolfowitz also believed these charges and asked the CIA to prepare a National Intelligence Estimate on Soviet sponsorship of international terrorism. The draft estimate concluded that Moscow provided arms and training to such groups as the PLO and that Moscow’s East European allies provided support to terrorist groups. It has been noted that there was no evidence of such Soviet involvement, nor is there any evidence of Soviet links to such groups as the Red Brigades in Italy, Baader-Meinhof in West Germany or the IRA. In fact, the draft explained that the bulk of the evidence pointed to the contrary and the intelligence organizations of Italy, West Germany and the United Kingdom agreed.[46]

 


[1] Thomas Bodenheimer & Robert Gould. Rollback!: Right-wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy (South End Press, 1999). p. 82.

[2] Murray Friedman. The neoconservative revolution: Jewish intellectuals and the shaping of public policy (Cambridge University Press, 2005).

[3] Stonor Saunders. The Cultural Cold War, p. 419.

[4] Michael Ledeen. “What Machiavelli (A Secret Jew?) Learned From Moses.” Jewish World Review (June 7, 1999 / 23 Sivan), 5759.

[5] Bruce Abramson & Jeff Ballabon. “The End of AIPAC’s Israel Monopoly.” Tablet (Jun 11, 2016). Retrieved from https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/the-end-of-aipacs-israel-monopoly

[6] Doug Rossinow. “‘The Edge of the Abyss’: The Origins of the Israel Lobby, 1949–1954.” Modern American History (Cambridge University Press, 2018), 1:1, pp. 23–43

[7] “Episode 14 Conclusion: Foreign Influence Operation.” Audible (September 26, 2022). Retrieved from https://www.audible.com/podcast/How-Israel-Made-AIPAC/episodes/B0B832R4SQ

[8] Rick Sterling. “From Dallas to Gaza: How JFK’s Assassination Was Good for Zionist Israel.” LAP Progressive (December 25, 2024). Retrieved from https://www.laprogressive.com/foreign-policy/from-dallas-to-gaza

[9] Ibid.

[10] Ibid.

[11] Michele Metta. CMC: The Italian Undercover CIA and Mossad Station and the Assassination of JFK (independently published, 2018).

[12] David Livingstone. Ordo ab Chao. Volume Four: Mind Control, Chapter 9: JFK Assassination (Sabilillah Publications, 2022).

[13] Sterling. “From Dallas to Gaza: How JFK’s Assassination Was Good for Zionist Israel.”

[14] Ibid.

[15] Ibid.

[16] David K. Shipler. “On Middle East Policy, A Major Influence.” New York Times (July 6, 1987). Retrieved from https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40711FD39540C758CDDAE0894DF484D81

[17] Connie Bruck. “Friends of Israel.” The New Yorker (September 1, 2014), pp. 50–63. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/01/friends-israel

[18] David Teacher. “The Pinay Circle and Destabilisation in Europe,” Lobster (October 18, 1989).

[19] Hänni. “A Global Crusade against Communism,” pp. 161–172.

[20] David Teacher. “The Pinay Circle and Destabilisation in Europe,” Lobster (October 18, 1989).

[21] David Teacher. “The Pinay Circle and Destabilisation in Europe,” Lobster (October 18, 1989).

[22] Teacher. Rogue Agents.

[23] Ibid., p. 283.

[24] Ibid., p. 283.

[25] “Michael Straight.” The Daily Telegraph (January 7, 2004).

[26] “Michael Straight.” The Guardian (January 9, 2004). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jan/09/guardianobituaries.usa; “Michael Straight, 87; Myrna Oliver. “Former Magazine Publisher Wrote of His Spying for Soviets.” Los Angeles Times (January 8, 2004). Retrieved frrom https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jan-08-me-straight8-story.html

[27] Ibid., p. 37.

[28] Ibid., p. 35-37.

[29] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 39.

[30] John Campbell. Margaret Thatcher: The grocer’s daughter (volume 1), (Jonathan Cape, London, 2000), p. 353.

[31] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 41.

[32] Teacher. Rogue Agents.

[33] Ibid., p. 224-225.

[34] C. Mohr. “Hearing on terror opens with warning on Soviet.” The New York Times (April 25, 1981).

[35] “Building Support.” CSIS. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/support-csis/building-support

[36] “ORemarks by John O. Brennan.” The White House. [Retrieved October 7, 2013].

[37] Fred Landis. “Georgetown’s Ivory Tower for Old Spooks.” Inquiry (September 30, 1979).

[38] Ibid.

[39] Edward S. Herman & Noam Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011), p. 161.

[40] Fred Landis. “Disinformationgate.” Covert Action Information Bulletin (Number 27, Spring 1987), p. 69.

[41] C. Mohr. “Hearing on terror opens with warning on Soviet.” The New York Times (April 25, 1981).

[42] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 126.

[43] Adam Curtis (Director). “The Power of Nightmares: Part 1.” BBC (54:20).

[44] Joseph Trento. Prelude to Terror: Edwin P. Wilson and the Legacy of America’s Private Intelligence Network (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005), p. 98.

[45] Barbara Honegger. “Did CIA Director William Casey really say, “We’ll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false”?” Quora (November 25, 2014).

[46] Melvin A. Goodman. “As a CIA analyst, I’ve seen distortions of intelligence before,” The Progressive (July 23, 2003).

Divide & Conquer