27. The Iran-Contra Affair

Jerusalem Conference

In May 1985, the CIA’s Ted Shackley prepared a memorandum which he shared with Michael Ledeen, leader of the budding neoconservative movement, who ultimately forwarded it in June to Oliver North, the staff officer on the National Security Council responsible for counter-terrorism.[1] Behind Iran-Contra was a gang of rogue agents of the CIA headed by Shackley, known as the Secret Team, who had first been involved in the assassination of JFK, in league with Permindex, a Mossad front. The Secret Team then moved operations to Vietnam where they became involved in the Golden Triangle heroin trade, in league with the Kuomintang (KMT)—founded by Forte Kreis member Sun Yat-sen—and the World Anti-Communist League (WACL). It was that trade in narcotics that eventually evolved into the Iran-Contra Affair, which was used to generate “black” funds to support the CIA’s war in Afghanistan.[2]

Arnaud de Borchgrave—who worked at CSIS with Michael Ledeen and collaborated on disinformation on behalf of the Mossad to feed paranoia about the Soviets backing of global terrorism—would also benefit from close contacts with Alexandre de Marenches, the head of SDECE French intelligence, who, when asked where would be an interesting place to spend the Christmas of 1979, advised de Borchgrave to go to Afghanistan. De Borchgrave was then one of the few Western journalists on the spot during the Soviet invasion.[3] The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was the result of a direct provocation instigated by fellow CSIS member Brzezinski, by funding and arming a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in the country, and financed through a complex funding mechanism orchestrated by Ledeen and Israel, known as the Iran-Contra Operation.

According to Fred Landis, Ledeen was “the missing link of covert operations by Mossad in the U.S. during the Reagan administration.”[4] In 1981, fresh from his position as a leading conspirator in the CIA’s Strategy of Tension in Italy, Ledeen began to serve as “anti-terrorism” advisor to Alexander Haig, now the new Secretary of State. Over the next several years, Ledeen would use his position as consultant to Haig, the Pentagon and the National Security Council under Ronald Reagan, to lead the neoconservatives in their attempt to demonstrate the notion of a global terrorist conspiracy based in the Kremlin, whose KGB pulled the strings of all of the world’s key terrorist groups, especially in the Middle East.

Along with Norman Podhoretz, Midge Decter, Ronald Rumsfeld and other neoconservatives, Ledeen was a member of a CIA front called the Committee for the Free World (CFW), founded in 1981, and which was connected to Le Cercle. [5] Other members included neoconservatives Jeane Kirkpatrick, Irving Kristol, Melvin J. Lasky, Seymour M. Lipset, Saul Below, Jerzy Kosinski and the renowned scholar of Kabbalah and Sabbateanism, Gershom Scholem. Stephen Dorril notes that many of the founders of the CFW were involved in the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), citing the example of Sidney Hook, a founding member of the CFW.[6] In the lead up to the 1980 elections, according to Fred Landis, Israel had already built up a significant influence in the CFW, the Committee on the Present Danger, the National Strategy Information Center (NSIC), and CSIS. These organizations went on to staff the Reagan transition teams for the CIA, NSC, Pentagon, and the State Department.[7] Several foundations that provided nearly half of the CFW’s seed money held close ties to the CIA, including the John M. Olin Foundation, the Smith Richardson Foundation, long time banker of the National Strategic Information Council (NSIC), the Heritage Foundation, and the Scaife Family charitable trusts.[8] The Smith Richardson Foundation had CIA officials among its consultants reviewing grants and provided management training to the CIA.[9] The CFW was also funded by ExxonMobil.[10]

According to Decter, the CFW originated at an Israeli government-sponsored conference on terrorism in 1979.[11] She was referring to the Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism at the Jerusalem Hilton Hotel, convened by the Jonathan Institute on July 2 to 5, 1979, and attended by leading members of Le Cercle and the CFR. The Jonathan Institute, which was essentially a Mossad front, was founded by Benjamin Netanyahu.[12] Netanyahu’s grandfather was Rabbi Nathan Mileikowsky (1879 – 1935), a distant relative of the Gaon of Vilna (1720 – 1797), who had lent his support to the Sabbatean rabbi Jonathan Eybeschütz.[13] Mileikowsky was affiliated with the Revisionist movement, developed by Jabotinsky, who advocated a “revision” of the “practical Zionism” of David Ben-Gurion and Chaim Weizmann which was focused on independent individuals settling the Land of Israel. Revisionists had a vision of occupying Greater Israel, which they equated to the whole territory covered by the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine, including Transjordan. Mileikowsky also took part in the establishment of a public committee, headed by Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook. Netanyahu’s father, Benzion Netanyahu (1910 – 2012), was Jabotinsky’s personal secretary.

Benzion was a professor of Jewish history at Cornell University, editor of the Encyclopaedia Hebraica, and a senior aide to Ze’ev Jabotinsky. In 1940, Jabotinsky sent several of his leading disciples, including Benzion and Irgun member Hillel Kook, younger brother of Abraham Isaac Kook, to the United States to seek funds and public support for the rescue of Europe’s Jews and the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. In 1953, he published a biography entitled Don Isaac Abravanel: Statesman and Philosopher. Benzion became executive director of the U.S. wing of the Revisionist Zionist movement, whose activities, according to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “helped ensure that support for Zionism and later Israel would become a permanent part of American political culture.”[14] Regarding the cause of the Palestinian people, he stated:

 

That they won’t be able to face [anymore] the war with us, which will include withholding food from Arab cities, preventing education, terminating electrical power and more. They won’t be able to exist, and they will run away from here. But it all depends on the war, and whether we will win the battles with them.[15]

 

The Jonathan Institute and included Israeli President Ephraim Katzir, as well as former presidents Golda Meir and Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister Menahem Begin—former leader of the Irgun—Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan, former Minister of Defense Shimon Peres, and Minister of Defence Ezer Weizman.[16] Netanyahu named the institute after his brother Yonatan Netanyahu, who died leading Operation Entebbe, a counter-terrorist operation carried out by the IDF at Entebbe Airport in Uganda on 4 July 1976, against a hijacking performed by the PFLP under orders of Wadie Haddad and members of the German Revolutionary Cells. At the conference, Netanyahu sought to convince American conservatives that the interests of Israel were identical to those of the western democracies. Being just months before the Russian invasion of Afghanistan in December of that year, the conference, according to Netanyahu, “exposed… the full involvement of states in international terrorism, and the centrality of the Soviet Union and the PLO in fomenting and spreading it.”[17] According to Phil Kelly’s The Leveller 52 (1981), and also set out in Edward Herman and Gerry O’Sullivan’s The Terrorism Industry (1990), the Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism (JCIT) can be viewed as a key point in the formulation of an agenda that positioned “international terrorism” as being organized by the Soviet Union.

At the Jonathan Institute’s launch, contributors included members of Le Cercle’s network, Brian Crozier, Robert Moss, Sir Peter Wilkinson and Hans Josef Horchem, as well as ex-CIA chief George H.W. Bush, Ray Cline, Lord Chalfont, Russian dissident Vladimir Bukovsky, former member of the OAS Jacques Soustelle and Holocaust survivor and former Pan-European Union member, Gerhard Löwenthal.[18] A follow-up publication to the conference, edited by Netanyahu, and published in 1981, International Terrorism: Challenge and Response, featured contributions from Shimon Peres, Paul Johnson, Hugh Fraser MP, Henry M. Jackson, Menachem Begin, Chaim Herzog, Richard Pipes, Brian Crozier, Ahron Yariv and Lord Chalfont, Robert Moss, George H.W. Bush, Ray Cline, Midge Decter, Norman Podhoretz and Claire Sterling, author of The Terror Network.

A second more widely publicized Jonathan Institute conference, held in 1984, the Washington Conference on International Terrorism, was chaired by the CFW’s UK President was Lord Chalfont, a former British intelligence officer and allegedly “the CIA’s man in the House of Lords,” had been a member of the Executive Committee of the CIA-funded European Movement.[19] The conference was opened by Secretary of State George Schultz, and included Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Edwin Meese, Jack Kemp, Arnaud de Borchgrave, and neoconservatives like UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, Charles Krauthammer, Norman Podhoretz, Midge Decter, and Bernard Lewis.[20] For Crozier, who also spoke at the conference, every guerrilla movement, including the PLO, the African National Congress or the IRA, was part of a subversive Soviet agenda.[21] George H.W. Bush gave a speech advocating precisely the type of ‘‘War on Terror’’ that would finally be pursued under his son’s administration.[22]

 

Secret Team

The arrangement with Saudi Arabia was part of a long-standing agreement with the CIA begun with the Safari Club, founded by Le Cercle founder Alexandre de Marenches, the head of SDECE French intelligence, whose purpose was to cooperate with the Saudis in order to bypass Congress. As described by one of the founders of the Safari Club, Prince Turki al Faisal:

 

In 1976, after the Watergate matters took place here, your intelligence community was literally tied up by Congress. It could not do anything. It could not send spies, it could not write reports, and it could not pay money. In order to compensate for that, a group of countries got together in the hope of fighting Communism and established what was called the Safari Club. The Safari Club included France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Iran. The principal aim of this club was that we would share information with each other and help each other in countering Soviet influence worldwide, and especially in Africa.[23]

 

The original charter of the Safari Club was signed in 1976 by leaders and intelligence directors from the five countries, who included, in addition to de Marenches: Kamal Adham of Saudi Arabia’s Al Mukhabarat Al A’amah (General Intelligence Directorate); the Egyptian Director of Intelligence; Ahmed Dlimi, Moroccan Director of Intelligence and commander of the Moroccan Army; and General Nematollah Nassiri of Iran’s SAVAK. Prince Turki al Faisal, began his political career as deputy to his uncle, Kamal Adham, and then, his successor as the head of Saudi Arabia’s Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah, a position he held from 1979 until just 10 days before 9/11. According to Joseph Trento in Prelude to Terror, Prince Turki was cultivated by various CIA operatives, including Shackley, and members of his Secret Team, Thomas Clines, and Frank Terpil.[24]

Prince Turki was also head of Faisal Islamic Bank of Saudi Arabia, which has been named by Luxembourg banking authorities as being directly involved in running accounts for bin Laden. Faisal Bank was founded by Youssef Nada. In 1988, Youssef al Qaradawi and Nada had founded the Bank Al-Taqwa, literally meaning “Fear of God.” Al Taqwa was the Muslim Brotherhood’s semi-official bank, whose international branch was long associated with Said Ramadan. Nada was appointed president to Al Taqwa by former Nazi Francois Genoud, a friend of Mufti al Husseini.[25] Genoud became the banker of choice for both neo-Nazis movements and Middle Eastern terrorists, earning the nickname the “Black Banker.”[26] Nada has also been associated with Muslim convert and neo-Nazi Ahmed Huber, a member of the Avalon Gemeinschaft, who served on the board of Nada Management, a component of Al Taqwa.[27]

In 1984, William Francis Buckley, a member of Shackley’s Secret Team, and at the time a diplomat attached to the US Embassy in Beirut, was kidnapped by the Hezbollah, a Lebanese Shiah group with strong links to the Khomeini regime. Casey asked Shackley for help in obtaining Buckley’s freedom. Three weeks after Buckley’s disappearance, Reagan signed the National Security Decision Directive 138, drafted by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, which outlined plans on how to get the American hostages released from Iran and to “neutralize” terrorist threats from countries such as Nicaragua. This new secret counterterrorist task force was to be headed by Shackley’s old friend, General Richard Secord. Thus, the Iran-Contra deal was born. Involved were John Singlaub, Bill Casey, Oliver North, and members of Ted Shackley’s Secret Team, including Richard L. Armitage, Thomas G. Clines, Edwin Wilson and Richard Secord.[28]

Like James Jesus Angleton before him, CIA director Bill Casey maintained a close relationship with the Mossad. Angleton’s deeply close relationship with Mossad is believed to have been the reason why William Colby stripping him of control over the Israel desk. But even after his retirement, Angleton continued to maintain personal ties with the Mossad and its agents. In fact, Casey was considered the most pro-Israel director of the CIA ever. He travelled often to Israel to exchange information and plan covert operations. As Wolf Blitzer reported in the Wall Street Journal, “There was an incredible degree of mutual trust, built on unique personal relationships that had been established and proven over time.”[29]

The WACL also enjoyed support from both the Carter and Reagan administrations in the United States, particularly with regard to its backing of right-wing paramilitary death squads in Latin America, like the Nicaraguan guerrillas in the Iran-Contra affair.[30] John Singlaub joined the WACL, through which the CIA extended its history of drug-trafficking from the Golden Triangle in Asia, to the heroin of Afghanistan and cocaine of Nicaragua in support of “freedom fighters” against communism.[31] In 1978, Roger Pearson, who served on the editorial board of the Heritage Foundation, became the World Chairman of the WACL. Pearson was the founder of the neo-Nazi Northern League and the journal Mankind Quaterly which was allied with the Nouvelle Ecole of Alain de Benoist’s GRECE. Mankind Quarterly’s academic advisory council included MK-Ultra doctor Hans Eysenck, who wrote the preface to Das unvergängliche Erbe (“The Everlasting Heritage”), by Thule-Seminar founder Pierre Krebs.[32] According to William H. Tucker, Pearson “used this opportunity to fill the WACL with European Nazis—ex-officials of the Third Reich and Nazi collaborators from other countries during the war as well as new adherents to the cause—in what one journalist called ‘one of the greatest fascist blocs in postwar Europe.”[33]

 

BCCI 

On June 17, 1985, National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane, whom Ledeen was serving as a consultant of National Security Adviser, wrote a National Security Decision Directive which called for the United States to begin a rapprochement with Iran. Only William Casey, then head of the CIA, supported McFarlane’s plan to start selling arms to Iran. In early July, Ledeen requested assistance from Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres for help in the sale of arms to Iran.[34] The key Iranian broker for arms talks between the Israelis and Iran was Ahmed Kashani, the son of the Ayatollah’s godfather, Ayatollah Kashani, who had long-established relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood and the CIA. Kashani visited Israel in 1980, but according to Sick, “other channels between Israel and Iran were functioning long before he arrived.”[35] While American policy had otherwise tilted towards support for Iraq, the Israelis, along with then head of the CIA, William Casey and many Neoconservatives, who held Zionist inclinations, saw otherwise. As Robert Dreyfuss explains:

 

Israel’s ties to Khomeini’s Iran were multifaceted. They had links to Iran’s armed forces and the successor organization to the Shah’s SAVAK secret service. In addition, thousands of Iranian Jews had long been active in the bazaar merchant class, many of whom had immigrated to Israel but maintained ties to Iran, including links to the families of the wealthier, conservative ayatollahs.[36]

 

The idea behind the plan was for Israel to ship weapons to Iran through Manucher Ghorbanifar, a former SAVAK agent with close ties to Mossad,[37] after which the United States would reimburse Israel with the same weapons, while receiving monetary benefits. Large modifications to the plan were devised by Oliver North in late 1985, in which a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was diverted to fund anti-Sandinista fighters, known as Contras, against the socialist government of Nicaragua. Months after the political dynasty of the Somoza family lost the Nicaraguan Revolution to the Sandinistas, the CIA support the right-wing Contras in opposition to them. The CIA developed a close relationship with former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, after his father, Anastasio Somoza Garcia, allowed the CIA to train anti-Cuban rebels in the country.[38] Somoza’s Nicaragua was thoroughly anti-Communist, maintaining ties with South Africa and Taiwan. Israel was the last supplier of weapons to the Somoza regime, because during the Israeli War of Independence in 1948, Somoza’s father provided substantial financial support for Israel.[39]

In 1979, as a result of growing opposition from the Sandinistas, Somoza resigned the presidency and fled to Miami. He took with him much of Nicaragua’s national treasure leaving the country with, it is claimed, a $1.6 billion foreign debt, the highest in Central America.[40] Somoza was denied entry to the US by President Carter. He later took refuge in Paraguay, then under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, a close ally of Augusto Pinochet, who had also provided refuge for Argentina’s Juan Peron. In a CBS interview with Mike Wallace, Stroessner, in response to criticism of his regime, mentioned his good relations with Israel. Those same relations were described in the Israeli press as “excellent.”[41] Stroessner was a good customer of the Israeli arms industry, and used only Israeli weapons to arm his bodyguards. Paraguay’s voting record at the United Nations is the most consistently pro-Israeli of any nation in the world.[42]

In 1977, Vatican banker Roberto Calvi had developed close relations with Somoza, and opened a subsidiary, the Ambrosiano Group Banco Comercial, in Managua. According to one source, it was P2 Grand Master and Gladio kingpin Licio Gelli, a friend of Ledeen, who “smoothed the way” for Calvi’s use of Somoza’s offer of bank secrecy, “after several million dollars had been dropped into the dictator's pocket.” In 1978, to avoid an investigation by the Bank of Italy, Calvi “moved the axis of [his international] fraud to Nicaragua.”[43]

According to Peter Dale Scott, “No country… has played a more significant surrogate role in both Central America and Iran than Israel.”[44] Nicaraguan president Ortega has consistently pointed out Israeli support for the Contras. When the CIA was setting up the Contras in 1981, the Mossad provided members of Israel’s leading commando outfits for training. One of the Contras’ leaders, Commandant Eden Pastora, based in Costa Rica, refused to accept direct CIA aid, but accepted Israeli aid. According to the CIA sources, the Israeli effort to support the Contras was financed by the CIA. In July 1983, the New York Times reported that, “Israel, at the request of the United States, has agreed to send weapons captured from the Palestine Liberation Organization to Honduras for eventually use by Nicaraguan rebels.[45]

Casey had wanted to establish an offshore entity capable of conducting covert operations that was “stand-alone,” financially independent, and free from congressional oversight. Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was the solution.[46] BCCI was the first Third World multinational bank, which was created in 1972 by Pakistani banker Agha Hasan Abedi, a member of the 1001 Club.[47] Newsweek later reported, however, that CIA officials appeared to have been involved in the bank’s founding and that Abedi had been encouraged to found the bank after “the agency realized that an international bank could provide valuable cover for intelligence operations.”[48] 25% of BCCI’s startup capital was from Bank of America and the remaining 75% from Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1918 – 2004), the ruler of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. CIA assistant director Robert Gates once referred to BCCI jokingly as the “Bank of Crooks and Criminals.”[49] Also serving as a consultant for BCCI was Le Cercle chairman Julian Amery. According to the report entitled “The BCCI Affair,” by then-U.S. Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Hank Brown (R-CO), Saudi billionaire and arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi “acted as the middleman for five Iranian arms deals for the United States, financing a number of them through BCCI” and “served as the ‘banker’ for arms shipments as the undercover scheme developed.”[50] One lesser-known fact about Khashoggi is that, at the time of his Iran-Contra operation, he was in the employ of Mossad, according to former Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky, author of By Way of Deception.

James Bath, a friend of Bush family, ran a business for Khalid bin Mahfouz, the head of Saudi Intelligence, and joined a partnership with he and Gaith Pharaon, frontman in Houston for the BCCI. Bath was recruited in 1976 by then CIA Director, George Herbert Bush, to create offshore companies to move CIA funds and aircraft between Texas and Saudi Arabia.[51] Bush’s first business, Arbusto Energy, obtained financing from Bath. Alan Quasha, the son of the Manila-based attorney William Quasha, who advised executives of the Nugan Hand Bank in Australia, a hornet’s nest of Ted Shackley’s “Secret Team,” was the chairman of George W. Bush’s Harken Energy Corporation, which emerged in 1986 from his earlier venture, Arbusto.

Mahfouz at the time was also the owner of the Saudi National Commercial Bank (NCB). During the 1980s, Mahfouz’s banking syndicate performed major CIA-inspired banking operations for such former CIA assets, in addition to bin Laden, as Saddam Hussein, Manuel Noriega and other drug-dealing generals, such as in Pakistan. In addition, Mahfouz’ Saudi Investment Corporation (SICO) is partnered with the Saudi BinLaden Group. Bath became the sole U.S. business representative of Salem bin Laden, head of the wealthy Saudi Arabian family, and one of seventeen brothers to Osama bin Laden. When Salem bin Laden died in 1988, bin Mahfouz inherited his interests in Houston.[52] Board members of SICO included Baudoin Dunant, one of French-speaking Switzerland’s leading lawyers, who is on the boards of over twenty companies in cities like Geneva, Fribourg, Morges and Nyons. Dunant received international publicity in 1983 when he represented Nazi banker Francois Genoud.[53] Mahfouz personally owned a 20% stake in BCCI, and in 1993, he was indicted by a New York state grand jury for fraud but denied any culpability. The fraud charges were settled for $225 million in lieu of fines.[54]

One of BCCI’s early moves to gain legitimacy was its purchase in 1976 of 85% of the Banque de Commerce et Placements of Geneva, Switzerland. After taking over the bank, BCCI installed Alfred Hartmann as manager. Hartmann then became the chief financial officer for BCC Holding, and thus one of BCCI’s most influential directors. Hartmann maintained connections with the Rothschilds, being president of Rothschild Bank AG of Zurich. Hartmann was also vice-chairman of NY-InterMaritime Bank of Geneva, run by Mossad operative Bruce Rappaport, a personal friend of Bill Casey.[55] When Rappaport visited Bert Lance in 1984, he asked so many questions about Abedi that Lance concluded that Casey wanted to recruit Abedi to the CIA.[56]

As detailed by Jonathan Beaty and S.C. Gwynne in The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride Into the Secret Heart of BCCI, Sheikh Zayed al Nahyan and the Safari Club’s Sheikh Kamal Adham secretly acted as BCCI nominees in a hostile take-over of Washington DC’s largest bank, Financial General Bankshares, that soon became First American Bankshares. First American was set up in the US with the assistance of Jackson Stephens of Little Rock, Arkansas. Stephens was among the richest people in Arkansas and was also a major donor and backer of Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton. He also played a key role in the rise of Walmart.[57] Stephens is named in the court records as having brought Ghaith Pharaon of BCCI together with Stephens’ close friend Bert Lance, who had been a cabinet official under President Jimmy Carter. However, Stephens and Lance, like Clark Clifford, all maintained they did not know the group of investors headed by Pharaon were actually fronting for BCCI.[58]

Stephens played a part in the CIA-supervised cocaine smuggling operation based in Mena, Arkansas, during Bill Clinton’s term as governor of that state during the 1980s. Mena was a key CIA trans-shipment point for the Iran-Contra operation. At the center of the operation was pilot Barry Seal, who became the greatest drug dealer in American history.[59] Seal had been recruited at the age of seventeen, along with Lee Harvey Oswald, by CIA agent David Ferrie, at a two-week summer camp of the Louisiana Civil Air Patrol in 1957.[60] By his own admission, Seal became the Medellin cartel’s chief link to the cocaine markets of the south-eastern United States. From Mena, Seal once again hooked up with his friends in the CIA, who were anxious to use Seal’s fleet of planes to ferry supplies to Contra camps in Honduras and Costa Rica. Terry Reed alleges in court documents, and in his book, Compromised: Clinton, Bush and the CIA, that Seal made deposits of cash from the Mena drug operation directly to Lasater & Co. It was Barry Seal’s plane crashing in Nicaragua that exposed the Iran-Contra affair.

 


[1] Report of the President’s Special Review Board 1987, p. B-3.

[2] David Livingstone. Ordo ab Chao, Vol. Four (Sabilillah Publications, 2022), Chapter 11: Golden Triangle.

[3] Hugo Gijsels. Netwerk Gladio (Leuven: Kritak, 1991). p. 126.

[4] C. Mohr. “Hearing on terror opens with warning on Soviet.” The New York Times (April 25, 1981).

[5] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 432 n. 497.

[6] Stephen Dorril. “American Friends: the Anti-CND Groups.” Lobster 3 (1984).

[7] Fred Landis. “Disinformationgate.” Covert Action Information Bulletin (Number 27, Spring 1987).

[8] Stephen Dorril. “American Friends.”

[9] John S. Friedman. “Culture War II.” The Nation (April 18, 1981).

[10] John Ehrman. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1994 (Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 139-141.

[11] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 540.

[12] Robin Ramsay. Politics and Paranoia (Picnic Publishing, 20098) p. 145 n. 4.

[13] Ben Caspit. The Netanyahu Years (Macmillan, 2017), p. 15.

[14] Rafael Medoff. “Benzion Netanyahu’s role in U.S. politics.” Jewish Telegraphic Agency (April 30, 2012). Retrieved from https://www.jta.org/2012/04/30/politics/benzion-netanyahus-role-in-u-s-politics

[15] Sherry McCover-Blikov. “Netanyahus father: he was not a successful prime minister” (in Hebrew) NGR (April 2, 2009). Retrieve from https://web.archive.org/web/20121021003744/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/874/524.html; Cited in Noam Sheizaf. “Netanyahu’s father discusses the peace process: excerpts from the exclusive Maariv interview (part I).” Promised Land. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20090408224549/https://www.promisedlandblog.com/?p=803

[16] Robin Ramsay. Politics and Paranoia (Picnic Publishing, 20098) p. 145 n. 4.

[17] Kevin Toolis. “Rise of the terrorist professors.” New Statesman (June 14, 2004).

[18] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 211.

[19] Ibid., p. 90.

[20] Kevin Toolis. “Rise of the terrorist professors.” New Statesman (June 14, 2004).

[21] Ibid.

[22] Caroline B. Glick. “A return to Jacksonian Zionism” The Jerusalem Post (November 22, 2002).

[23] Turki bin Faisal Al Saud, February 2002, cited in Trento. Prelude to Terror, p. 102.

[24] Trento. Prelude to Terror, p. 100.

[25] Jay Bushinsky. “Swiss Probe anti-US neo-Nazi Suspected Financial Ties to Al Qaeda.” San Fransico Chronicle (December 3, 2002).

[26] Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004), p. 104.

[27] Stephen E. Atkins. Holocaust Denial as an International Movement (ABC-CLIO, 2009), p. 133.

[28] Hunter,‎ Marshall &‎ Dale Scott. The Iran-Contra Connection, p. ix.

[29] Wolf Blitzer. “Mossad-CIA Ties Legacy of Casey and Angleton.” Wall Street Journal (May 22, 1987). Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000100540001-4.pdf

[30] USA. “Committee for the Free World - Political Research Associates - Right Web.” Rightweb.irc-online.org.

[31] David Pallister, David Beresford & Angela Johnson. “Guns, Goons, and Western Goals,” The Guardian (April 24, 1993).

[32] Michael Billig. Psychology, Racism, and Fascism (A. F. & R. Publications, 1979).

[33] William H. Tucker. The Science and Politics of Racial Research (University of Illinois Press, 1996). p. 257.

[34] “The Iran-Contra Scandal.” The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 7 June 2008.

[35] Gary Sick, October Surprise: America’s Hostages in Ian and the Election of Ronald Reagan (New York: Times Books, 1991), p. 226.

[36] Dreyfuss. Devil’s Game, p. 295.

[37] Report of the President’s Special Review Board 1987, p. B-3.

[38] Trento. Prelude to Terror, p, 134.

[39] Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi. The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why (London: I.B. Tauris, 1988) p. 104.

[40] John Byrne, Leigh Glover & Cecilia Martinez. Environmental Justice: Discourses in International Political Economy (Transaction Publishers, 2009). p. 43.

[41] Beit-Hallahmi. The Israeli Connection, p. 104.

[42] Ibid.

[43] Marshall, Dale Scott & Hunter. The Iran-Contra Connection, p. 74.

[44] Ibid., p. 14.

[45] Beit-Hallahmi. The Israeli Connection, pp. 90-96.

[46] Johnathan Beatty & S.C. Gwynne. The Outlaw Bank: a Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 346.

[47] Stephen Ellis. “Of elephants and men: politics and nature conservation in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies, 20: 1 (1994), pp. 53–69.

[48] Newsweek Staff. “The BCCI-CIA Connection: Just How Far Did it Go?” Newsweek (December 6, 1992). Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/bcci-cia-connection-just-how-far-did-it-go-195454

[49] Jane Hunter. Israeli Foreign Affairs.

[50] Ibid.

[51] Martin J. Rivers “A Wolf in Sheikhs Clothing: Bush Busniess Deals with 9 Partners of bin Laden’s Banker.” GlobalResearch.ca (27 March 2004).

[52] Jonathan Beaty. “A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes.” Time (June 24, 2001).

[53] “About the Bin Laden Family.” PBS Frontline.

[54] Nathan Vardi. “Sins of the Father?” The World’s Billionaires. Forbes. (June 26, 2006). Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0318/047.html

[55] Johnathan Beatty & S.C. Gwynne. The Outlaw Bank: a Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 311–312.

[56] Ibid., p. 312.

[57] Whitney Webb. “‘From “Spook Air’ to the ‘Lolita Express’: The Genesis and Evolution of the Jeffrey Epstein-Bill Clinton Relationship” MintPress News (October 2, 2019). Retrieved from https://www.mintpressnews.com/genesis-jeffrey-epstein-bill-clinton-relationship/261455/

[58] “BCCI in the United States.” Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm

[59] John Dee. “Snow Job: The CIA, Cocaine, and Bill Clinton -Part I.” The Lumpen Times.

[60] Daniel Hopsicker. “Barry & ‘the Boys’: Goss Made His ‘Bones’ on CIA Hit Team.” Mad Cow Morning New (May 6 2006).

Divide & Conquer