14. The Synarchist Pact

Brotherhood Polaires 

The same suspect collaboration that took place between the leaders of the German Conservative Revolution, the George-Kreis, the Cosmic Circle, the Frankfurt School, and the School of Wisdom extended to the Synarchist and pro-Nazi regime that ruled France during World War II, known as Vichy, many of whose participants would later contribute to the founding the European Union after the War. The regime, named after its seat of government, the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain (1856 – 1951), was established after the French defeat against Germany in 1940. Although officially independent, with half of its territory occupied under the Nazis, it adopted a policy of collaboration. In July, a report was submitted by Henri Chavin, at the time the Director of Sûreté nationale, to the French Minister of the Interior, which presented the synarchist conspiracy as an attempt by international capitalism to “subject the economies of different countries to a single, undemocratic control exercised by high banking groups.”[1] According to the Chavin Report, the leadership of the Vichy regime derived secretly from the Mouvement Synarchique d’Empire (MSE), founded by Pétain’s friend Jean Coutrot (1895 – 1941), as a direct successor of Papus’ Martinist Order.[2] According to the Chavin Report, Coutrot, an engineer educated at the École Polytechnique, who had been associated with Action française,[3] travelled several times to England in 1938 and 1939 to meet with Aldous Huxley, who is described as “pro-national-socialist.”[4]

While the leadership of the MSE remained a secret, the names of two of the authors the MSE’s manifesto shared in secret among its members, the Pacte synarchiste revolutionnaire, known as the “Synarchist Pact,” were revealed: Vivien Postel du Mas and Jean Coutrot.[5] The pact argued, based on the “four orders that correspond to the Hindu caste system,” that a “division of people into order is natural and conforms with tradition,” and set out a program for “invisible revolution” or “revolution from above,” meaning taking over a state from within by infiltrating high offices. The synarchists were op to the parliamentarian of the Third Republic as a British import. Each nation would need the political system appropriate to it: “Bolshevism currently suits the Eurasian peoples, as Fascism the Italian people, Nazism the Germanic people, parliamentarian the British people.” The first step was to take control of France, before creating the “European Union.”[6]

The goal of the synarchists is the creation of a united Europe, as part of the fulfilment of the vision advanced by Saint-Yves d’Alveydre, a call for which appears on the first page of his first book on synarchy, Keys to the East. Coutrot’s MSE was a direct successor of Papus’ Martinist Order. Papus’ death in 1916 had resulted in a schism in the Martinist Order over its involvement in politics. After Papus’ death, Charles Détré (1855 – 1918), known simply as Téder briefly led the Martinist Order, as well as the French section of the Rite of Memphis-Misraïm and the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) and from 1916 to 1918 he was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Swedenborgian Rite of France, which had been taken up by Papus on the fringes of his Martinist Order.[7] It was Téder’s friend Jean Bricaud (1881 – 1934) who succeeded him at the head of the Martinist Order, moving its headquarters from Paris to Lyon. Under Bricaud, who also became Grand Master of Memphis-Misraïm, and President of the International Occultist Society, a hybrid form of Martinism was developed, which included Martinism, Elus Cohen, the Gnostic Church, and the Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry. Bricaud was also Patriarch of l'Église Gnostique Universelle (“Universal Gnostic Church”), which he founded with Papus in 1907, as a schematic branch of the Gnostic Church of Leo Taxil’s collaborator, Jules Doinel.[8]

In 1908, at International Masonic and Spiritualist Conference in Paris, organized by Papus, Victor Blanchard (1873 – 1953), Téder and others, Papus was chartered by Reuss to establish a “Supreme Grand Council of the Unified Rites of Antient and Primitive Masonry for the Grand Orient of France and its Dependencies at Paris.” The constituting letters of Patent were sent to Berlin by John Yarker. Papus apparently granted Reuss episcopal and primatial authority in the Église Catholique Gnostique, which Reuss translated into German as Die Gnostische Katholische Kirche. In his publication of Crowley’s Gnostic Mass in 1917, Reuss referred to Bricaud as the Sovereign Patriarch of the EGU, and himself as Legate for Switzerland and Sovereign Patriarch and Primate of Die Gnostische Katolische Kirche (GKK), his German branch of the church. Bricaud and Reuss then revealed their idea of introducing Crowley’s Gnostic Mass as a Gnostic religion for the 18° of the Scottish Rite, at the Zurich Masonic Congress in 1920. This, however, only led to the final rupture between the OTO and Freemasonry.[9]

In 1918, Bricaud consecrated Blanchard, had been secretary to Papus and Détré, and a member of Papus’ Supreme Council, as bishop of l'Église Gnostique Universelle, which had become the official church of the Martinist Order. Blanchard. Many Martinists left the Ordre Martiniste de Lyons, some of them joining Blanchard, who also claimed to be the legitimate successor of Papus as head of the Martinist Order, but who rejected the Masonic requirements, and in 1920 founded his own Ordre Martiniste et Synarchique (OMS). The official church of the OMS was the Église Gnostique Universelle, also known as L’Église Gnostique Apostolique (“Gnostic Apostolic Church”). The activists within the OMS established the Synarchic Central Committee in 1922, designed to pull in promising young civil servants and “younger members of great business families.”[10]

Blanchard was the Grand Master of the Brotherhood Polaires, which included René Guénon, for a short time, as well as Maria Naglowska and Arturo Reghini, who was a member of the Ur Group with Julius Evola.[11] In 1929, the Brotherhood Polaires received an order from the “The Oracle of the Astral Force,” a channel to the “Rosicrucian Initiatic Centre of Mysterious Asia,” to found La Fraternite des Polaires, de Thule en Shamballah (Brotherhood Polaires, of Thule in Shambhala”). Between the two world wars, the Polaires brought together a number of French occultists, such as René Guénon, Jeanne Canudo, Jean Chaboseau, Fernand Divoire, and the alchemist Eugène Canseliet, and Paul Le Cour. Jean Chaboseau (1903 – 1978), the son and successor of Augustin Chaboseau who co-founded the Martinist Order with Papus, was the author of Tarot: Interpretive Essay Based on the Principles of Hermeticism.

Fernand D’ivoire (1883 – 1940), editor of L”Intransigeant, was the author of  Pourquoi je crois en l’occultisme (“Why I Believe in Occultism”) and maintained links with the Thule Society.[12] Polaires member Gabriel Monod-Herzen (1899 – 1983) was the grandson of Olga Herzen, the daughter Alexandre Herzen, and whose adoptive mother was Malwida von Meysenbug, a friend of Nietzche and Wagner.[13] Divoire, Monod-Herzen and Maurice Magre (1877 – 1941), a leading member of the Polaires, contributed to the Cahiers de L’Etoile (“Journal of the Star”), published as a successor of the “Bulletin de l’Ordre de l’Etoile d’Orient” of Annie Besant’s Order of the Star in the East, which was disbanded by Krishnamurti.[14]

Péladan and Magre were major influences on SS member Otto Rahn (1904 – 1939), whose research would result in his best-selling book Crusade Against the Grail. Assisted by Divoire, Rahn was largely responsible for the mythology associated with the Cathars and Montségur with the Holy Grail and its Castle.[15] Also associated with the George-Kreis, Rahn was in the employ of the Ahnenerbe, founded in 1935 by Herman Wirth and Heinrich Himmler, for the purpose of conducting research around the globe for the lost heritage of the Aryan race, including the Holy Grail, a quest made popular in Steven Spielberg’s Indiana Jones movies. Rahn’s first publisher later described him as a student of George-Kreis member and Stefan George’s lover, Goebbels’ professor, Friedrich Gundolf.[16]

Le Cour (1871 – 1954) belonged to the Hiéron du Val d’Or, which believed that Christianity originated in Atlantis, and was the “universal tradition” sought by occultists. Le Cour created the organization Atlantis to continue the work of the Hiéron after the demise of the order. Also an astrologer, in 1927, Le Cour created the association and the journal Atlantis, and in 1937, he published The Age of Aquarius, which is considered to be one of the precursor texts of the “New Age” movement.[17] Also involved in Le Cour’s Atlantis association was alchemist Eugène Canseliet, a member of the Brotherhood Polaires. Several students of Canseliet were members of the “Guénonian” Thébah Masonic lodge and associated with André Breton, the leader of the Surrealist movement.[18] According to Le Cour, Canseliet was none other than Fulcanelli, whose most well-known book is Le Mystère des Cathédrales (“The Mystery of the Cathedrals”), which aim to decipher the alchemical symbolism of several Templar constructions, such as Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, Amiens Cathedral, the Lallemant Hotel in Bourges, the Obelisk of Villeneuve-le-Comte.[19] Fulcanelli and his group of students would become known as Les Frères d’Héliopolis (“the Brotherhood of Heliopolis”).

In 1937, le Cour was to be an inspiration for Pierre Plantard’s Priory of Sion hoax through his involvement in the Hiéron du Val d’Or.[20] Several researchers have suggested that the Hiéron du Val d’Or was the precursor of the Catholic religious order founded in 1928, Opus Dei, made infamous by Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code.[21] As a student, Plantard had been a follower of Eugene Deloncle (1890 – 1944), founder of right-wing terrorist gang the CSAR (Secret Committee for Revolutionary Action), known as the Cagoule, a breakaway group of the Action Française, created by Coutrot’s MSE.[22] Deloncle even likened its recruiting procedures to the ‘chain method’ of the Illuminati.”[23] The Chicago Tribune’s correspondent in Paris, William Shirer, summed up the Cagoule as “deliberately terrorist, resorting to murder and dynamiting, and its aim was to overthrow the Republic and set up an authoritarian régime on the model of the Fascist state of Mussolini.”[24]

Plantard’s endeavors resulted in the formation of the group Alpha Galates, a pseudo-chivalric order known to have been in existence as early as 1934.  An important member of Alpha Galates, George Monti was initiated into the Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Croix (OKR+C) by Joséphin Péladan, and then into Martinism by Papus. Monti was also connected to Leon Daudet, son of Alphonse Daudet, who together with Charles Maurras was the leader of Action Française.[25] Among the many societies Monti joined was the Holy Vehm, the German revival of the order of the same name.[26] Monti was then initiated into the OTO by Aleister Crowley. The two shared similar contacts with the superiors of several German lodges that had been involved with bringing the Nazi regime to power. Monti worked as a spy in World War I, then for the Nazis, British Intelligence as well as for the Second Bureau of the French Intelligence Service.[27]

All but two of the purported Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion are also found on lists of alleged “Imperators” and “distinguished members” of the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC), which shared extensive links with the synarchists and the Brotherhood Polaires.[28] AMORC was founded in 1915 in New York by Harvey Spencer Lewis (1883 – 1939), borrowed heavily from Theosophy, the Golden Dawn and the OTO. Reuben Swinburne Clymer, who headed the rival Fraternitas Rosae Crucis, claimed Lewis was aiming to transform AMORC into a cult of black magic, under the dominion of Aleister Crowley, whom he acknowledges to be his Secret Chief, and of largely plagiarizing OTO materials.[29] Along with Lewis, Blanchard and Émile Dantinne (1884 – 1969), a member of Joséphin Péladan’s Order of the Temple and the Grail and of the Catholic Order of the Rose-Croix, would become of the three Imperators of Universal Federation of Initiatic Orders and Societies (FUDOSI).

The Synarchic Central Committee became the Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire (MSE) in 1930, with the aim of abolishing parliamentarianism and replacing it with synarchy, and was headed by Coutrot.[30] Both du Mas and his associate Jeanne Canudo belonged to the Brotherhood of the Polaires.[31] Postel du Mas was also a member of the French Theosophical Society, and around 1936, founded the Theosophical branch Kurukshétra based on ideas of the pro-German right.[32] It is this branch that supposedly gave birth in 1937 to the MSE.[33] Postel du Mas was also involved a group called Les Veilleurs (“the Watchers”) founded by a French occultist René Adolphe Schwaller de Lubicz (1887 – 1961) who was also a student of Theosophy and Saint-Yves d’Alveydre’s synarchy.[34] Despite being born of a Jewish mother, de Lubicz along with other members of the Theosophical Society broke away to form an occult right-wing and anti-Semitic organization, which he called Les Veilleurs, to which the young Rudolf Hess also belonged.[35] Some have argued it was possible that Hess borrowed ideas from the Watchers which he could have introduced to the Thule Society. As Joscelyn Godwin points out, there’s even a phonetic link between “Thule” and the name of the Watchers’ inner circle, “Tala.”[36]

 

Pan-European Union

Also a member of Les Veilleurs was Count Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi (1894 –1972), an Austro-Hungarian count and diplomat. pioneer of European integration.[37]  In their 1968 Synarchy and Power, André Ulmann and Henri Azeau interviewed one of the members of Jean Coutrot’s MSE, who claimed it had inspired the action of Coudenhove-Kalergi and his pan-Europeanism.[38] In conversation with Maurice Girodias, the founder of the Olympia Press, Postel du Mas named Coudenhove-Kalergi as one of the two major promoters of his and Canudo’s plans. Girodias said of Postel du Mas and Canudo’s magical salons: “I saw at his feet men of science, company directors, and bankers.”[39] Girodias was told they were “schismatic theosophists with political designs, and they are linked to Count Coudenhove-Kalergi… who is a champion of the United States of Europe… Their aim is to launch a pan-European political party and to institute in the entire world, commencing with Europe, a society obedient to a spiritualist idea.”[40]

Coudenhove-Kalergi founded the Pan-European Union (PEU) in 1923 with Otto von Habsburg, the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary, and claimant of the title of King of Jerusalem, as head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Richard was the great-grandson of Marie Kalergis, Franz Liszt’s contact to Napoleon III and an admirer of Otto von Bismarck.[41] In mid-1925, the master of the Viennese lodge, Richard Schlesinger, sent a circular to the masters of the great lodges of the world asking them to support Coudenhove-Kalergi’s political projects.[42] The Masonic newspaper The Beacon stated in March, 1925:

 

Freemasonry, especially Austrian Freemasonry, may be eminently satisfied to have Coudenhove-Kalergi among its members. Austrian Freemasonry can rightly report that Brother Coudenhove-Kalergi fights for his Pan European beliefs: political honesty, social insight, the struggle against lies, striving for the recognition and cooperation of all those of good will. In this higher sense, Brother Coudenhove-Kalergi’s program is a Masonic work of the highest order, and to be able to work on it together is a lofty task for all brother Masons.[43]

 

Coudenhove-Kalergi’s father was also a close friend of Theodor Herzl, founder of Zionism. Coudenhove-Kalergi writes in his Memoirs:

 

At the beginning of 1924, we received a call from Baron Louis de Rothschild; one of his friends, Max Warburg from Hamburg, had read my book and wanted to get to know us. To my great surprise, Warburg spontaneously offered us 60,000 gold marks, to tide the movement over for its first three years… Max Warburg, who was one of the most distinguished and wisest men that I have ever come into contact with, had a principle of financing these movements. He remained sincerely interested in Pan-Europe for his entire life. Max Warburg arranged his 1925 trip to the United States to introduce me to Paul Warburg and financier Bernard Baruch.[44]

 

At its founding convention in Vienna in 1922, the PEU called for the creation of a single European state, modeled on the Roman and Napoleonic empires. At the opening of the first PEU Congress in 1924, Coudenhove-Kalergi’s wife, the Jewish actress Ida Roland, recited Victor Hugo’s speech on European unification “in the service of propaganda for the Paneuropean idea.” The PEU congresses were decorated by large portraits of great Europeans: Kant, Nietzsche, Mazzini, Napoleon, Dante, and others.[45] Coudenhove-Kalergi believed that “Nietzsche’s Will to Power is where the foundational thoughts of fascist and Paneuropean politics stand side by side.”[46] Personalities attending included: Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, Konrad Adenauer and Georges Pompidou.[47] In 1927, Aristide Briand, who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic, was elected honorary president. The first person to join the PEU was Hjalmar Schacht. Karl Haushofer (1869 –1946) was a guest lecturer at PEU events. When they met in Vienna, Haushofer suggested to Coudenhove-Kalergi that if they had met sooner, Hess would have been a supporter of Pan Europe instead of National Socialism. Coudenhove-Kalergi described Haushofer as, “A man of rare knowledge and culture.”[48] Coudenhove-Kalergi also collaborated with such politicians as Engelbert Dollfuss, Kurt Schuschnigg, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle.

 

Sohlberg Circle

In his correspondence with Karl Anton Prinz Rohan, Hermann Keyserling, founder of the School of Wisdom, described to him that he was also, “under conditions of utmost secrecy,” working on a “vision for all the peoples of Europe.”[49] Keyserling had already sent Rohan a letter “concerning the nobility” for Rohan’s private circle of “friends” studying the “problem of nobility” under his “guidance.”[50] Keyserling was to contribute a chapter on “Germany’s Task in the World,” for a forthcoming publication on Germany and France, for which Rohan recruited not only the German nationalist historian Hermann Oncken and the Carl Schmitt, but also lesser-known German and French authors such as Wladimir d’Ormesson, Alfred Fabre-Luce, Henry de Montherlant and Knight Heinrich von Srbik. Keyserling, in turn, also tapped Rohan’s network to win support for his School of Wisdom, approaching Rohan’s elder brother Prince Alain, as well as members of the oldest Austro-Bohemian noble families like Count Erwein Nostitz, Count Karl Waldstein, Count Feri Kinsky, Countess Ida Schwarzenberg, Senator Count Eugen Ledebur and Count Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi.[51] Two years after its foundation in 1922, Karl Anton Prinz Rohan’s Deutscher Kulturbund became the Viennese outpost of the much larger Fédération des Unions Intellectuelles, established in Paris to promote European cultural unity after the World War I, and Rohan thereafter used the support of Coudenhove-Kalergi’s PEU to launch the Europäische Revue, the key journal of the German Conservative Revolution.[52]

A number of key allies of Rohan and Kalergi belonged to the Sohlberg Circle (Sohlbergkreis), which played an important role in building the circle of collaborators in France. Sohlberg was founded in 1931, at the Black Forest town of Sohlberg, by Otto Abetz (1903 – 1958), a member of the SS, who was in charge of the Nazi Party’s relations with French intellectual circles before becoming ambassador of the Reich.[53] As a member of the Hitler Youth, Abetz became a close friend of Joachim von Ribbentrop, who would serve as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945.[54] Abetz was also associated with groups such as the Black Front, a political group formed by Otto Strasser after he resigned from the Nazi Party in 1930.[55] Abetz pledged his support for the Nazi party in 1931. In Paris, Abetz joined Masonic lodge Goethe in 1939.[56] Jean Luchaire, a co-founder of the Sohlbreg Circle, attended the first Pan-European Congress.[57] Abetz’ key disciples were Bertrand de Jouvenel and Rohan’s ally Alfred Fabre-Luce (1899 – 1983), who both subscribed to Coudenhove-Kalergi’s dream of a United Europe. Coudenhove-Kalergi even asked Fabre-Luce to head his movement’s French section, an offer he declined while assuring Coudenhove-Kalergi of his complete agreement on the need for propaganda for the European idea.[58]

Alexandre Marc, disciple of Husserl and Heidegger, was born in 1904 as Alexandr Markovitch Lipiansky in Odessa, Russian Empire, to a Jewish family, but later converted to Catholic Christianity. As shown by Martin Mauthner, author of Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes, many of Abetz’s chief protegees in Paris had Jewish family ties. Jules Romains (1885 – 1972), a French poet and writer and the founder of the Unanimism literary movement, who was accommodated by the German government at the Hotel Adlon when he gave a talk in Berlin in 1934, had a Jewish wife. Fernand de Brinon (1885 –1947), the first French journalist to interview Hitler, was married to Lisette, a Jewish woman converted to Catholicism. He became friends with von Ribbentrop. Another journalist, Jean Luchaire (1901 – 1946), had an actively anti-Nazi Jewish stepmother, Antonina Vallentin, born Silberstein. The political thinker, Bertrand de Jouvenel (1903 – 1987), who wrote flattering interview with Hitler in 1936, had a Jewish mother.

A central part of the non-conformist movement, Ordre Nouveau was founded in 1933 by French-Jewish philosopher and Sohlberg Circle member Alexandre Marc (1904 – 2000), French-Jewish historian Robert Aron (1898 – 1975), from an upper-class Jewish family from eastern France, and Arnaud Dandieu (1897 – 1933). Their work together included Décadence de la Nation Française (1931), Le Cancer Américain (1931) and La Révolution Nécessaire (1933), which constituted the principal theoretical base Ordre Nouveau, which with Esprit represented one of the most original expressions of the Nonconformist Movement. Dandieu was a friend of Denis de Rougemont, another Sohlberg Circle member, and Georges Bataille, who were all colleagues at the Bibliothèque Nationale.[59] In their infamous 1933 “Letter to Hitler,” the Ordre Nouveau welcomed the way the Nazis had overturned the liberal political order and capitalism, but denounced their idolization of the state and racism.[60] Charles de Gaulle was also associated with Ordre Nouveau between the end of 1934 and the beginning of 1935.[61]

 

Collaborators 

During the trial of Marshall Pétain in 1945, questions were asked about his connection with the Synarchist Pact.[62] L'Appel, which recorded the announcement of Coutrot’s mysterious death in 1941, revealed that most of the ministers and generals in the Vichy regime belonged to the MSE.[63] Also closely associated was Admiral François Darlan (1881 – 1942), a major figure of the Vichy regime in France during World War II, who became its deputy leader for a time. Accusations arose that synarchists had engineered the military defeat of France for the profit of Banque Worms, a division of Worms & Cie.[64] According to former OSS officer William Langer, as reported in Our Vichy Gamble:

 

Darlan’s henchmen were not confined to the fleet. His policy of collaboration with Germany could count on more than enough eager supporters among French industrial and banking interests—in short, among those who even before the war, had turned to Nazi Germany and had looked to Hitler as the savior of Europe from Communism… These people were as good fascists as any in Europe. Many of them had extensive and intimate business relations with German interests and were still dreaming of a new system of ‘Synarchy,’ which meant government of Europe on fascist principles by an international brotherhood of financiers and industrialists.[65]

 

In 1939, France expelled Abetz as a Nazi agent. However, in 1940, following the German occupation of France, Abetz was assigned by von Ribbentrop to the embassy in Paris, as the official representative of the German Government with the honorary rank of SS-Standartenführer.[66] From his German Embassy in Paris, Abetz then maneuvered three of his French publicist friends, Jean Luchaire, Fernand de Brinon, Drieu la Rochelle (1893 – 1945), into key positions, from where they could praise Nazi achievements and denounce the Resistance.[67] Drieu, who was also married to a Jewish woman and working with Abetz, was an admirer of England and also a friend of Aldous Huxley. Drieu was editor of the collaborationist journal Nouvelle Revue Française, whose founders, including André Gide, were closely associated with the Decades of Pontigny.[68]

Through the ambassador to Bucharest, Paul Morand, Benoist-Méchin met with Ernst Jünger, who was assigned to an administrative position as intelligence officer and mail censor in Paris.[69] Ernst Jünger (1895 – 1998), who was the most famous soldier in Germany, the most highly decorated veteran of World War I, was a close friend of Heidegger and Carl Schmitt. Jacques Benoist-Méchin (1901 – 1983), like Pierre Drieu la Rochelle, had been a member of Otto Abetz’s Sohlberg Circle. Benoist-Méchin, a French journalist and historian who served as an undersecretary in Darlan’s cabinet, was also a friend of James Joyce and attempted to translate Ulysses. Benoist-Méchin also developed a close friendship with Oswald Mosley who lived in France after the war.[70] According to Eliot Neaman, in his foreword to Jünger’s A German Officer in Occupied Paris, as a well-known author, Jünger was welcomed in the best salons in Paris, where he met with intellectuals and artists across the political spectrum. A number of conservative Parisian intellectuals greeted the Nazi occupation, including the dramatist Sasha Guitry and the writers Robert Brasillach, Marcel Jouhandeau, Rohan ally Henry de Montherlant, Paul Morand, Drieu la Rochelle, Paul Léutaud and French surrealist artist Jean Cocteau.[71]

Jünger frequented the Thursday salon of Paris editor for Harper’s Bazaar, Marie-Louise Bousquet (1885 – 1975), who was married to the playwright Jacques Bousquet. She is credited with being one of the first to recognize the potential of Christian Dior in 1938.[72] In 1918, the Bousquets launched a salon from their Paris apartment which, every Thursday, which were frequented by Pablo Picasso and Aldous Huxley, as well as Drieu la Rochelle and Henry de Montherlant.[73] Huxley was one of the few authors that Jünger prized.[74] Another of Jünger’s key contacts in Paris was the salon of Florence Gould, where he fraternized with Georges Braque, Picasso, Sacha Guitry, Julien Gracq, Paul Léautaud, and Jean Paulhan, one of the founders of the resistance newspaper Lettres Françaises, and his friend Marcel Jouhandeau, well-known for his anti-Semitic lampoon Le Péril Juif (“The Jewish Peril”), published in 1938. Florence was the third wife of Frank Jay Gould, the son of Jay Gould, one of the original Robber Barons. She entertained Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald, Joseph Kennedy, and many Hollywood stars, like Charlie Chaplin, who became her lover. Florence became embroiled in a notorious money-laundering operation for fleeing high-ranking Nazis in France, but later managed to avoid prosecution and became a significant contributor to the Metropolitan Museum and New York University. She also became friends with friends like Estée Lauder.[75] Jünger also frequented the George V luxury hotel, where a roundtable of French and German intellectuals gathered, including the writers Morand, Cocteau, Montherlant, as well as the publisher Gaston Gallimard, and Carl Schmitt.[76]

 


[1] Henry Chavin. Rapport confidentiel sur la société secrète polytechnicienne dite Mouvement synarchique d’Empire (MSE) ou Convention synarchique révolutionnaire (1941), p. 8.

[2] Henry Chavin. Rapport confidentiel sur la société secrète polytechnicienne dite Mouvement synarchique d’Empire (MSE) ou Convention synarchique révolutionnaire (1941), p. 6.

[3] Olivier Dard. Jean Coutrot: de l'ingénieur au prophète (Presses Univ. Franche-Comté, 1999), p. 335, 347.

[4] Chavin. Rapport confidentiel, p. 8.

[5] Picknett & Prince. The Sion Revelation, p. 362.

[6] Gary Lachman. Politics and the Occult: The Left, the Right, and the Radically Unseen (Quest Books, 2012), p. 193.

[7] Serge Caillet. La Franc-maçonnerie swedenborgienne (Ed. de la Tarente, 2015).

[8] “L’Église Gnostique Apostolique – Gnostic Apostolic Church.”

[9] Peter-R. Koenig. “Stranded Bishops: Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica.” Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20011108135612/http://www.cyberlink.ch/~koenig/bishops.htm

[10] André Ulmann & Henri Azeau. Synarchie et pouvoir (Julliard, 1968), p. 63.

[11] Joscelyn Godwin. Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival (Kempton, IL: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996), p. 89.

[12] Andre Wautier. “Dictionnaire des gnostiques et des principaux inities”

[13] “Genealogie.” Gabriel Monod Herzen. Retrieved from http://www.monod-herzengabriel.fr/genealogie/genealogie.html

[14] Milko Bogard. In the Wake of the Astral Force: La Fraternité des Polaires (Milko Bogard, 2020).

[15] Milko Bogard. In the Wake of the Astral Force: La Fraternité des Polaires (Milko Bogard, 2020).

[16] Victor Trimondi. Hitler, Buddha, Krishna – eine unheilige Allianz vom Dritten Reich bis heute (Ueberreuter 2002), p. 264–265; Franz Wegener. Alfred Schuler, der letzte deutsche Katharer. Gnosis, Nationalsozialismus und mystische Blutleuchte (Gladbeck 2003), p. 67–69.

[17] Evelyne Latour. La Théorie de l'ère du Verseau, depuis les origines jusqu'à Paul Le Cour et ses successeurs (1780 - XXIe siècle), mémoire sous la direction d’Antoine Faivre (1995).

[18] Jean-Pierre Lassalle. “André Breton et la Franc-Maçonnerie” Histoires littéraires, 1 (January 2000).

[19] Patrick Rivière. Fulcanelli: His True Identity Revealed (Red Pill Press, Ltd, 2006), p. 84.

[20] Philip Coppens. “Raymond Abellio: a modern Cathar?” PhilipCoppens.com.

[21] Picknett & Prince. The Sion Revelation, p. 355.

[22] Rémi Kauffer. “La Cagoule tombe le masque” Historia, n°108, July 1, 2007.

[23] Ibid.

[24] William L. Shirer. The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Enquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (William Heinemann, 1970), 209.

[25] Alexandre Adler. Sociétés secrètes : de Léonard de Vinci à Rennes-le-Château, (Paris: Bernard Grasset, 2007), p. 27-28; Stéphane Piolenc. “Pour un compromis… royaliste!” L’Action française 2000, no 2815, April 21 to May 4 2011, p. 13.

[26] Lynn Picknett & Clive Prince. The Templar Revelation: Secret Guardians of the True Identity of Christ (New York: Touchstone, 1997), p. 237.

[27] Guy Patton. Masters of Deception: murder intrigue in the world of occult politics (Amsterdam: Frontier Publishing, 2009), p. 124.

[28] Massimo Introvigne. “Beyond The Da Vinci Code: History and Myth of the Priory of Sion.” CESNUR 2005 International Conference (June 2-5, 2005 – Palermo, Sicily).

[29] R. Swinburne Clymer. Not Under the Rosy Cross (The Rosicrucian Foundation, 1935).

[30] Lynn Picknett & Clive Prince. “Synarchy: The Hidden Hand Behind the European Union,” New Dawn, (March 15, 2012).

[31] Ibid., p. 369.

[32] Zam Bhotiva. Asia Mysteriosa: La Confraternita dei Polari e l’Oracolo della Forza Astrale (Edizioni Arkeios, 2013).

[33] Milko Bogard. In the Wake of the Astral Force: La Fraternité des Polaires (Milko Bogard, 2020).

[34] Fr. L, “Esotericism and Espionage: the Golden Age, 1800–1950,” Journal of the Western Mystery Tradition, No. 16, Vol. 2. Vernal Equinox 2009.

[35] Joscelyn Godwin. “Schwaller de Lubicz: les Veilleurs et la connexion Nazie.” Politica Hermetica, number 5, pp. 101-108 (Éditions L’Âge d’Homme, 1991).

[36] Lachman. Politics and the Occult, Kindle Locations 3748-3752.

[37] Fr. L, “Esotericism and Espionage.”

[38] André Ulmann and Henri Azeau. Synarchie et pouvoir (Julliard, 1968), p. 64.

[39] Maurice Girodias. Une journée sur le terre (Éditions de la Différence, 1990), vol. I, p. 411.

[40] Picknett & Prince. The Sion Revelation, p. 149.

[41] Berita Paillard & Emile Haraszti’s article. “Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner in the Franco-German War of 1870.” The Musical Quarterly, 35 (1949). Cited in Salmi. Imagined Germany, p. 389.

[42] circular by Dr. Richard Schlesinger. Grossmeister der Grosslogen, 1925, Freimauerlogen, 1412.1.244, in OA; as cited in Dina Gusejnova. European Elites and Ideas of Empire, 1917-1957 (Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 85.

[43] Dieter Schwarz. “Freemasonry: Ideology, Organisation, And Policy.” Retrieved from http://thecensureofdemocracy.150m.com/masonry.htm

[44] R. Coudenhove-Kalergi. Eine Idee erobert Europa. Meine Lebenserinnerungen (Wien, 1958), p. 118.

[45] Ignaz Seipel opening the first Paneuropa Congress of 1926, Fond 554.7.470.343–416, Coudenhove-Kalergi papers, RGVA, Moscow; cited in Dina Gusejnova. European Elites and Ideas of Empire, 1917–1957 (Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 78.

[46] Coudenhove-Kalergi, “Antieuropa,” Paneuropa, 3 (1930), 92.

[47] “Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi.” Spartacus Educational. Retrieved from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPRINGcoudenhove.htm

[48] Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. An Idea Conquers the World, p. 1894-185.

[49] Dina Gusejnova. “Noble Continent? German-speaking nobles as theorists of European identity in the interwar period.” In: M. Hewitson & and M. D’Auria (eds.) Europe in Crisis. Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917-1957 (Berghahn: Oxford and New York, 2012), p. 126.

[50] Ibid.

[51] Ibid.

[52] Paul Gottfried. “Hugo Von Hofmannsthal and the Interwar European Right.” Modern Age, 49: 4 (Fall, 2007), p. 508.

[53] Robert Kopp. Denis de Rougemont: “Le National-Socialisme est un Jacobisme Allemand.” Revue des Deux Mondes (December 2019), p. 76. Retrieved from https://www.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/1912-10-kopp.pdf

[54] Caroline Moorehead. Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life (Macmillan, 2004), p. 64.

[55] Mark Antliff. Avant-garde fascism: the mobilization of myth, art, and culture in France, 1909-1939 (Duke University Press, 2007).

[56] Jean-André Faucher. Histoire de la Grande Loge de France (Albatros ed, 1981).

[57] Elana Passman. “The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954.” A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2008)..

[58] Knegt. Fascism, Liberalism and Europeanism in the Political Thought of Bertrand de Jouvenel and Alfred Fabre-Luce, p. 56.

[59] Dubreuil. The personalism of Denis de Rougemont, p. 98.

[60] Edward Baring. Converts to the Real: Catholicism and the Making of Continental Philosophy (Harvard University Press, 2019), p. 269.

[61] “LOUBET DEL BAYLE Jean-Louis Les non-conformistes des années 30. Une tentative de renouvellement de la pensée politique française.” Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions (2001 Paris). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20061123180436/http://www.ehess.fr/centres/ceifr/assr/N118/78.htm

[62] Richard F. Kuisel. “The Legend of the Vichy Synarchy.” French Historical Studies (spring 1970), p. 378.

[63] “The People’s Front.” The Nation (November 9, 1946).

[64] Annie Lacroiz-Riz. Le choix de la défaite : Les élites françaises dans les années 1930 (Armand Colin, 2006).

[65] Our Vichy Gamble, (Alfred A Knopf, New York, 1947).

[66] Thomas Johnston Laub. After the fall: German policy in occupied France, 1940-1944 (Oxford University Press US, 2010), p. 52-54.

[67] Martin Mauthner. Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes: French Writers Who Flirted with Fascism, 1930–1945 (Yale University Press, 2008).

[68] Nicholas Atkin. The French at War, 1934-1944 (Routledge, 2014), p. 142.

[69] Ernst Junger. A German Officer in Occupied Paris (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019). p. xvi.

[70] Graham Macklin. Very Deeply Dyed in Black (IB Tauris, 2007), p. 136.

[71] Ibid.

[72] Marie France Pochna. Christian Dior: The Man who Made the World Look New (Arcade Publishing, (1996), pp. 62–3.

[73] Ernst Junger. A German Officer in Occupied Paris (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019). p. xvi.

[74] Ibid.

[75] Susan Ronald. A Dangerous Woman: American Beauty, Noted Philanthropist, Nazi Collaborator - The Life of Florence Gould (2018).

[76] Ernst Jünger. A German Officer in Occupied Paris (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019). p. xvi.

Divide & Conquer