12. The Herrenklub

Kulturbund

Evola, a close friend of Baron Von Gleichen, addressed the Deutscher Herrenklub (“German Men’s Club”) in Berlin in 1934, of which he wrote, “there I was to find my natural milieu.”[1] George-Kreis member Moeller van den Bruck, like Martin Heidegger, Oswald Spengler, Ernst Jünger, Julius Evola and Carl Schmitt, was a leading figure of the German Conservative Revolution. Moeller van den Bruck’s use of the term “Third Reich” was inspired by of Joachim of Fiore (c. 1135 – 1202)—a heretical Cistercian abbot from Calabria, and a disciple of Bernard of Clairvaux, patron of the Templars—who is suspected by several historians of having been a crypto-Jew.[2] The book begins with a “Prefatory Letter to Heinrich von Gleichen,” the founder of the Anti-Bolshevik League, with Eduard Stadtler. In 1919, von Gleichen organized the Juniklub (“June Club”), a discussion group for the Jungkonservative (“Young Conservatives”), where Moeller van den Bruck played an important role as chief ideologist. When the Juniklub dissolved in 1924, von Gleichen founded the Deutsch Herrenklub in 1924, an association that included important industrialists who supported the Nazi cause, like Fritz Thyssen and politicians like Hjalmar Schacht, another member of the Gesellschaft der Freunde.[3]

Evola also shared a number of acquaintances with Carl Schmitt, including Ernst Jünger, Armin Mohler and Prince Karl Anton von Rohan (1898 – 1975), a member of the Juniklub and follower of Hermann Keyserling, founder of the School of Wisdom—who founded the Kulturbund, the Austrian counterpart of the Herrenklub. A young follower of Hermann Keyserling and an active supporter of the idea of conservative revolution, Rohan was the scion of one of the most prestigious aristocratic families in Europe. Karl’s aunt was Berthe de Rohan (1868 – 1945), who participated in Max Theon’s Cosmic Movement.[4] After the World War I, there appeared a large number of movements dedicated to the economic and political union of Europe. One example was the fascist-leaning Verband für kulturelle Zusammenarbeit founded in Vienna in 1921 which cooperated closely with its sister organization, the Fédération des Unions intellectuelles, with which it later united as the was the Association for Cultural Cooperation (“Kulturbund”).[5] The Kulturbund later opened individual centers in Paris, Milan, Frankfurt and Heidelberg, and its membership reads like a “Who’s Who” of European industry and intelligentsia.[6] Future Chancellor of Germany, Konrad Adenauer, was among the leading members.

The Kulturbund’s periodical, Europäische Revue, which Rohan founded in 1925 and edited until 1936, was identified by Armin Mohler as one of Germany’s leading “young conservative” publications.[7] After the onset of the Great Depression, IG Farben subsidized the journal and other Kulturbund activities. Lilly von Schnitzler, whose husband George was a director of IG Farben, was one of the Kulturbund’s treasurers.[8] Lilly was in extensive correspondence with Carl Schmitt. As Paul Gottfried observed, although the Europäische Revue “never surpassed 2,000 paid subscribers,” nevertheless, “its list included almost every leading political, religious, and philosophical thinker in the 1920s.”[9] Frequent contributors to the Europäische Revue were George-Kreis members Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Karl Wolfskehl and Joseph Goebbels’ Jewish professor Friedrich Gundolf. Foreign authors featured in the Europäische Revue included Winston Churchill, Julius Evola, Aldous Huxley, H.G. Wells, Arrigo Solmi, José Ortega y Gasset and Carl Jung.[10] The revue appeared from 1925, but in 1933 came under the control of the ideology of National Socialism. The journal would continue its publication until 1944, with the help of Goebbels.[11]

The Herrenklub achieved renown when its member Franz von Papen (1879 – 1969) became Chancellor in 1932.[12] During World War II, von Papen was part of the Zionist and Round Table plotters associated with the Propaganda Kabinett, whose members included George Sylvester Viereck, who operated The Fatherland with Aleister Crowley, and whose contributors included Golden Dawn member and Zionist Samuel Untermyer.[13] In 1913, von Papen, had entered the diplomatic service as a military attaché to von Bernstorff, the German ambassador in the United States. Working out of the New York offices of the Hamburg-America Line, von Papen was Heinrich Albert’s chief accomplice in sabotage operations in the US, until their activities were exposed when Albert’s briefcase was stolen by an American secret service agent in 1915.[14]

In the 1925 presidential elections, von Papen supported Paul von Hindenburg. Between 1928 and 1930, von Papen concentrated his political activity on various conservative organizations, such as the Herrenklub. Hindenburg chose him as Chancellor in 1932. With the formation of Papen’s presidential cabinet in May 1932, after he had been chosen Chancellor by von Hindenburg, the Herrenklub, which at that time had around 5,000 members, gained considerable influence on German politics as Papen’s “main contact point for political suggestions.”[15] After two Reichstag elections increased the Nazis’ power in the Reichstag, von Papen was forced to resign as Chancellor. After Hitler lost a popular election to von Hindenburg in 1932, thirty-nine business leaders, including Alfred Krupp, Siemens, Herrenklub member Fritz Thyssen and Robert Bosch, sent a petition to von Hindenburg urging that Hitler be appointed Chancellor of Germany.

 

Leviathan and Behemoth

From June 1933, Carl Schmitt (1888 – 1985), known as the “Crown Jurist of the Third Reich,” was drawn to the Nazi party by his admiration for a decisive leader, praised him in his pamphlet State, Volk and Movement, because only the ruthless will of such a leader could save Germany and its people.[16] Schmitt in the leadership council of Academy for German Law, founded on the initiative of Hans Frank, a former member of the Thule Society, and the head of the Reich Legal Department (Reichsrechtabteilung) in the Nazi Party’s national leadership (Reichsleitung) and, at the time, also the Bavarian Minister of Justice. Other former members of the Thule Society involved in the academy included Rudolf Hess and Alfred Rosenberg.[17] Schmitt developed the doctrine of a “necessary enemy,” by defining that the sphere of the “political” is based on the distinction between “friend” and “enemy.” A population can be unified and mobilized through the political act, in which an enemy is identified and confronted.[18]

In Land and Sea, Schmitt elaborated an occult-inspired interpretation of the geopolitical theories of Alfred T. Mahan and Halford Mackinder, which pitted sea power against land power, ultimately based on the Medieval Kabbalah and its discussions of an apocalyptic war between Leviathan and Behemoth—beasts described in the Book of Job. As Schmitt explained in The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes (1938), in the course of the Middle Ages two major categories of interpretations of the symbolism of the Biblical creature emerged: the one Christian and the other Kabbalistic. Schmitt also mentions Isaac La Peyrère, Menasseh ben Israel’s co-conspirator, in his “for many reasons, important” book, about a reference to the “pre-Adamites” in the Book of Job, which deals with the Chaldean magicians who cite the Leviathan qui Daemon est (“who is the devil”), and that he adds that it has been affirmed that there exists a land and a sea leviathan or, in other words, a land and a sea demon.[19]

In Land and Sea, Schmitt cites a prophecy by Roman poet Seneca, in his tragedy Medea, and makes reference to mythical land of Thule, and which he believed foreshadowed the current geopolitical conflicts:

 

The Indian drinks of the icy Araxes.
The Persians quaff the Elbe and the Rhine.
An age will come in the far-off centuries,
When Ocean will loosen the bonds of things,
And the whole broad Earth will be revealed,
When Thetis will disclose new worlds.
And Thule will no longer be the bound. [20]

 

World history, therefore, according to Schmitt, “is the history of the wars waged by maritime powers against land or continental powers and by land powers against sea or maritime powers.”[21] Everywhere we look in history we see this struggle between Land and Sea. Land and Sea, he explains, become “two distinct worlds, and two antithetical, juridical convictions.”[22] For instance, Persia against Greece, Sparta against Athens, and Rome against Carthage. In the nineteenth century, the great example of the struggle between Land and Sea Powers was England and Russia. Key to the opposition to Britain as a sea power, concluded Schmitt was the consolidation of German power under a single dictatorial leader.[23]

 

The Fraternity

It wasn’t until after Hitler met in secret with von Papen on January 4, 1933, at the villa of Baron Kurt von Schroeder (1889 – 1966), a German nobleman, financier and SS-Brigadeführer, in the fashionable Braunsfeld neighborhood of Cologne, that Hindenburg would relent and appoint Hitler chancellor, effectively giving birth to the Third Reich.[24] Also attending the meeting were Heinrich Himmler, Rudolf Hess and Hjalmar Schacht, the head of the Reichsbank. The famous meeting was also attended by Sullivan and Cromwell lawyers John Foster and his brother Allen Dulles.[25] These men formed part of what Charles Higham, in Trading With the Enemy: The Nazi American Money Plot 1933-1949, called “the Fraternity,” which was a network of the Warburgs and the Rockefeller-controlled Standard Oil and First National City Bank, or the Chase National Bank, who financed the rise of the Third Reich.

The key actors responsible for assisting Hitler’s rise to power were connected to a network of financiers closely associated with the infamous Skull and Bones society at Yale, which was the dominant American chapter of the international Brotherhood of Death secret societies, that included Germany’s Thule Society, later the Nazis. According to Alexandra Robbins, author of Secrets of the Tomb, while he was in Germany, the society’s founder William H. Russell (1809 – 1885) had befriended the leader of a German secret society, itself an outgrowth of the Illuminati, that employed the death’s head as its logo.[26] Robbins describes the Skull and Bones as “the most powerful secret society the United States has ever known,” and related that the society has been dominated by about two dozen of the country’s most influential families, including the Bush, Bundy, Harriman, Lord, Phelps, Rockefeller, Taft, and Whitney families, who are encouraged to intermarry amongst themselves.[27] Society members dominate financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, and Brown Brothers Harriman, where at one time more than a third of the partners were Bonesmen. As Robbins explains, “Through these companies, Skull and Bones provided financial backing to Adolf Hitler because the society then followed a Nazi—and now follows a neo-Nazi—doctrine.”[28]

In 1919, Averell Harriman (1891 – 1986) founded W.A. Harriman & Co with fellow Bonesman George Herbert Walker (1875 – 1953), the grandfather of George H.W. Bush, which led the way in directing American money to German companies. In 1926, Walker made his son-in-law, another Bonesman, Prescott Bush (1895 – 1972), vice president of W.A. Harriman. Walker was president of Union Banking Corporation (UBC), was in fact a front for numerous German nationals. In 1926, Prescott Bush was assigned to UBC, where he oversaw its German operations from 1926 until 1942. Bush looked after the American interests of Fritz Thyssen, who controlled the vast German Steel Trust. According to government and Thyssen family records, Thyssen’s contributions were a major reason Hitler succeeded in his climb to power.[29] The Office of the Alien Property Custodian would issue a Vesting Order Number 248, which detailed how UBC and other entities operated by the Bush, Walker, and Harriman families, including  Brown Brothers, had been used as a front by the Nazis and that the Germans had controlled these strategic interests since the 1920s.[30]

Prescott Bush was selected by Max Warburg to be the American Ship & Commerce Line official representative on the board of the Hamburg-Amerika Line, a shipping line and cover for IG Farben’s Nazi espionage unit in the United States. IG Farben, which was indispensable to the German war effort, had become a donor to the Nazi Party in the 1930s, and was a large government contractor after the Nazi takeover of Germany, providing significant material for the German war effort. IG Farben also ultimately produced the Zyklon B gas used in Nazi extermination camps. The huge corporation, which soon included related industries such as explosives and fibers, was the biggest enterprise in all of Europe and the fourth largest in the world, behind General Motors, United States Steel and Standard Oil of New Jersey. IG Farben and Rockefeller’s Standard Oil were effectively a single firm, having been merged in hundreds of cartel arrangements. It was led up until 1937 by Rockefeller’s partners, the Warburgs. Since 1927, Max Warburg served on the board of directors of IG Farben, while his brother Paul served on the board of directors of the company’s wholly-owned American subsidiary, which was also associated with Standard Oil.[31]

Warburg was also a close friend with Montagu Norman (1871 – 1950), chairman of the Bank of England, who was also a partner in Brown Brothers, Harriman and a close friend of Prescott Bush. Norman was a close friend of Hjalmar Schacht, who was appointed to head the Reichsbank under direct recommendation from Adolf Hitler, and the godfather to one of Schacht’s grandchildren.[32] Schacht was also a Freemason, having joined the lodge Urania zur Unsterblichkeit in 1908.[33] Schacht was also a member of the Gesellschaft der Freunde, founded during the Haskalah by members of Moses Mendelssohn’s circle. Schacht and Norman were both members of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), founded in 1930. According to Higham, “sensing Adolf Hitler’s lust for war and conquest, Schacht, even before Hitler rose to power in the Reichstag, pushed for an institution that would retain channels of communication and collusion between the world’s financial leaders even in the event of an international conflict.”[34]

Hjalmar Schacht was a member of the Circle of Friends of the Economy, for Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft, a pro-Hitler lobbying group established by Wilhelm Keppler, in order to strengthen ties between prominent industrialists and members of Hitler’s inner circle. Keppler, who had been a member of the Nazi Party since 1927, and a friend of Heinrich Himmler, formed the Freundeskreis after Hitler’s request in 1932 for the formation of a “study group on economic questions.”[35] The financial manager of the Freundeskreis was Baron von Schroeder. Schroeder was the head of the international Schroder banking empire, and had extensive financial contacts in New York and London. Schroder was a co-director of Thyssen foundry along with Johann Groeninger, Prescott Bush’s New York bank partner, and the vice president and director of the Hamburg-Amerika Line. George Herbert Walker helped take over North American operations of the company. Hamburg-Amerika smuggled in German agents, and brought in money for bribing American politicians to support Hitler. A 1934 congressional investigation also showed that Hamburg-Amerika was subsidizing Nazi propaganda efforts in the United States.[36]

As partners in the firm of Sullivan and Cromwell, Allen and John Foster Dulles also represented IG Farben. After serving a stint in Constantinople, Allen Dulles became the first new director of the Council on Foreign Relations in 1927, and joined his brother John Foster as a lawyer in Sullivan and Cromwell. As Dulles’ biographer Peter Grose notes, Sullivan and Cromwell, “constituted a strategic nexus of international finance, the operating core of a web of relationships that constituted power, carefully crafted to accrue and endure across sovereign borders.”[37] An agreement to coordinate all trade between Germany & America was reached in Berlin after negotiations between Hjalmar Schacht and John Foster Dulles. As a result, Oliver Harriman, Averell’s cousin, formed a syndicate of 150 firms to conduct all business between Germany and the United States.[38] Beginning in 1933, Max Warburg also served directly under Hjalmar Schacht on the board of the Reichsbank. Two executives of Standard Oil’s German subsidiary were Karl Lindemann and Emil Helfferich, prominent figures the Freundeskreis, its chief financiers and close friends and colleagues of Baron von Schroder.[39] Prior to the war, Allen Dulles was a director of the J. Henry Schroeder bank in London.

Max Warburg was forced out of IG Farben through “Aryanization” in 1933. Jews were then expelled from the board of directors altogether in 1937, together with Otto von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, the eldest child of Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy and his first wife, Else Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1845 – 1868), born Oppenheim. The parents were as direct descendants of Moses Mendelssohn in the third or fourth generation remotely related to each other. As principal shareholder of Agfa, which was founded by his father and merged with IG Farben, Otto was a member of the supervisory board of both companies. Of the 24 directors of IG Farben indicted in the so-called IG Farben Trial (1947 – 1948) before the subsequent Nuremberg Trials, 13 were sentenced to prison terms between one and eight years, but most were quickly released and several became senior industry executives in the post-war companies that split off from IG Farben and other companies.

 

Haavara Agreement

In 1933, Arthur Ruppin—who had supported the founding of the Merhavia co-operative and a protegee of Chaim Arlosoroff—met with the Nazi race theorist Hans F.K. Günther (1891 – 1968), also known as Rassenpapst (“Race Pope”).[40] In the year following the Ruppin’s meeting with Günther, in their efforts to justify the Nuremberg Laws, the Nazis published a pamphlet entitled Warum Arierparagraph? Ein Beitrag zur Judenfrage (“Why the Aryan law? A Contribution to the Jewish Question”), designed for mass distribution, which argued in favor of the beneficial effects of the “Aryan Law,” a piece of legislation the Nazis implemented early in Hitler’s rule to drive Jews out of the professions. Schulz and Frercks, the literary agents who wrote the pamphlet, quoted Ruppin extensively. In 1934, Ruppin wrote in Jews in the Modern World:

 

Such an attempt at a peaceful settlement of the problem would have been possible if [...] Jews [...] had recognized that their peculiar position among the Germans was bound to lead to conflicts which had their origin in the nature of man, and could not be removed by arguments and reason. Had both sides realized that the present position was due, not to bad will, but to circumstances which had arisen independently of the will of either side, it would have been unnecessary to attempt the solution of the Jewish problem in an orgy of unbridled hatred.[41]

 

According to Etan Bloom, Ruppin’s “friendly” meetings with Günther, were actually the preliminary discussions for the Transfer Agreement.[42] The most infamous case of Zionist collaboration with fascism came in the 1930s, when Chaim Arlosoroff negotiated the Haavara Agreement—also known as the Transfer Agreement—with the Nazis, by which Jews who emigrated to Palestine could regain some of their lost wealth in the form of Nazi goods exported to Palestine. Arlosoroff was the former lover of Goebbels’ wife Magda, and an attendee at meetings at the house Yisrael Dov Frumkin, who was in contact with Hitler’s Mufti al-Husseini. Arlosoroff maintained the leadership of the Jewish Agency until his 1933 assassination. Despite intense investigation and much controversy, Arlosoroff’s murder was never solved. One theory is that it was Goebbels who had him killed. Arlosoroff had begun to view Magda as his conduit to Goebbels to secure a transfer deal, but his former relationship with Magda proved to be an embarrassment.[43]

In 1932, Goebbels published a pamphlet to refute certain allegations that his grandmother was Jewish.[44] Gregor Strasser, for many years second only to Hitler in the Nazi Party, had asserted that Goebbels was of Jewish ancestry, citing the club foot as proof.[45] After attending the lectures at University of Heidelberg on the German Romantics from his Jewish professor Friedrich Gundolf, a member of the George-Kreis, Goebbels became completely captivated by the works of the Schlegel brothers, of Tieck, Novalis and Schelling.[46] Goebbels sent a letter to Professor Max Freiherr von Waldberg (1858 – 1938), with whom he graduated, reiterating how much he owed to Gundolf.[47] Goebbels’s first love, Anka Helhom, often showed her friends a book with his personal inscription on it, the Buch der Lieder, by Heinrich Heine. In 1922, he began a love affair with Else Janke, a schoolteacher. After she revealed to him that she was half-Jewish, according to Goebbels,  the “enchantment [was] ruined.”[48] Nevertheless, he continued to see her on and off until 1927.[49]

The absorption of the transferred Jews was handled by a special department directed by Ruppin—who took over leadership of the Jewish Agency after Arlosoroff—with special programs and a construction company that planned settlements and neighborhoods in accordance with their particular needs. Between 1933 and 1941, approximately 50,000 German Jews immigrated to Palestine as a result of the Transfer Agreement, comprising about ten percent of Germany’s 1933 Jewish population. By 1939, the German Jewish immigrants made up about 15% of Palestine’s Jewish population. Many of them transferred considerable personal wealth and were recognized by the Zionist immigration authorities as valuable Menschenmaterial (“human resources”). Approximately 60% of all capital invested in Palestine between 1933 and 1939 was channeled through the agreement.[50] The SS also cooperated with the Haganah and secretly supplied weapons to THE Jewish settlers for use in their clashes with Palestinian Arabs.[51]

 

Irgun and Lehi 

The Haganah, the largest of the Jewish underground militias, remained cooperative with the British. But the Irgun Zva’i Leumi (IZL) and Lehi, two small, dissident militias of the right-wing Revisionist movement which split from the Haganah, and became the origin of the Netanyahu’s Likud. Lehi, often known pejoratively as the Stern Gang, was founded in August 1940 by Avraham Stern (1907 –1942), a former member of the Irgun, a terrorist organization founded in the aftermath of the 1929 riots instigated by Grand Mufti al-Husseini, and based on the Revisionist Zionism of Zeev Jabotinsky. During the later stages of the 1936-1939 Arab Revolt in Mandatory Palestine, the Irgun conducted a campaign of violence against Palestinian Arab civilians resulting in the deaths of at least 250. The group also killed a number of Jews it deemed guilty of “treason.”[52] Lehi openly declared its members as “terrorists.”[53] An article titled “Terror” in the Lehi underground newspaper He Khazit (The Front) argued as follows:

 

Neither Jewish ethics nor Jewish tradition can disqualify terrorism as a means of combat. We are very far from having any moral qualms as far as our national war goes. We have before us the command of the Torah, whose morality surpasses that of any other body of laws in the world: “Ye shall blot them out to the last man.”[54]

 

According to Kaplan and Penslar, Lehi’s ideology was a mix of fascist and communist thought combined with racism and universalism.[55] Believing that Nazi Germany was a lesser enemy of the Jews than Britain, Lehi twice attempted to form an alliance with the Nazis, proposing a Jewish state based on “nationalist and totalitarian principles, and linked to the German Reich by an alliance.”[56] On January 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of the war, at a time when the massacre of Jews in occupied Poland had already begun, the Lehi proposed a formal military pact with the Nazi Third Reich. The offer, which is contained in a report known as the Ankara document, which is still kept in a locked archive in Britain, tells of contacts the Naval attaché at the German Embassy in Turkey had with emissaries of the Irgun. The offer states:

 

The indirect participation of the Israeli freedom movement in the drawing up of the New Order in Europe, already in its preparatory stage, would be connected with a positively radical solution of the European Jewish problem in conformity with the above-mentioned national aspirations of the Jewish people. This would strengthen to an uncommon degree the moral basis of the New Order in the eyes of the entire world.

The cooperation of the Israeli freedom movement would also be in line with one of the recent speeches of the German Reich Chancellor in which Herr Hitler stressed that any combination and any alliance would be entered into in order to isolate England and defeat it.[57]

 

According to Joseph Heller, “The memorandum arising from their conversation is an entirely authentic document, on which the stamp of the ‘IZL in Israel’ is clearly embossed.”[58] Stern offered “active participation in the war on the German side. On the condition that the aforementioned aspirations of the Israeli freedom movement are recognised.” Within the framework of co-operation, Stern hoped he could recruit 40,000 men for the conquest of Eretz Israel, emphasising that the “moral” effect of the participation of “the Jewish liberation movement in the New Order… would strengthen its moral foundations in the eyes of all humanity.”[59]

The lrgun began embarking on terrorist raids against British institutions in the Near East. The leader of the Irgun from 1943 to 1948 was Menachem Begin (1913 – 1992), a disciple of Jabotinsky and future Prime Minister of Israel. Irgun’s most notorious bombing of the British administrative headquarters for Palestine, which was housed in the King David Hotel in Jerusalem on the July 22, 1946. Ben-Gurion had agreed that the Haganah could cooperate with Begin’s Irgun in fighting the British, who continued to restrict Jewish immigration. Ben-Gurion initially agreed to Begin’s plan to carry out the King David Hotel bombing, with the intent of embarrassing the British military stationed there rather than killing them. However, when the risks of mass killing became apparent, Ben-Gurion told Begin to call the operation off. Begin refused, and carried out the attack as planned.[60] A total of 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured. It was characterized as one of the “most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century.”[61] In April of 1948, Lehi and the Irgun were jointly responsible for the massacre in Deir Yassin of at least 107 Palestinian Arab villagers, including women and children. Lehi assassinated Lord Moyne, British Minister Resident in the Middle East, and made many other attacks on the British in Palestine.

 


[1] Mark Sedgwick. Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 105.

[2] Lerner. The Feast of Saint Abraham, p. 27.

[3] R. Opitz. Faschismus und Neofaschismus. (Frankfurt/M: Verlag Marxistische Blätter, 1984), p. 105.

[4] Pascal Themanlys. “Le Mouvement Cosmique.” Retrieved from http://www.abpw.net/cosmique/theon/mouvem.htm

[5] E. Kövics and Mary Boros-Kazai. “Coudenhove-Kalergi's Pan-Europe Movement on the Questions of International Politicsduring the 1920s.” Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 25, No. 3/4 (1979), pp. 233.

[6] Guido Müller. “France and Germany after the Great War,” in Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, Frank Schumacher, ed. Culture and International History (Berghan Book, 2003), p. 103.

[7] Jay Sherry. Carl Jung: Avant-Garde Conservative (Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), p. 84.

[8] Ibid., p. 93.

[9] Paul Gottfried. “Hugo Von Hofmannsthal and the Interwar European Right.” Modern Age, 49: 4 (Fall, 2007), p. 508.

[10] Müller. Europäische Gesellschaftsbeziehungen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg, n. 247.

[11] Guido Müller. “France and Germany After the Great War.” Culture and International History. Ed. Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht & Frank Schumacher (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003), p. 104.

[12] Henry Ashby Turner. Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1996), p. 42.

[13] Levenda. Unholy Alliance, p. 255.

[14] James P. Duffy. Target America: Hitler's Plan to Attack the United States (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004), p. 7.

[15] “Deutscher Herrenklub.” Wikipedia (January 13, 2024). Retrieved from https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Herrenklub

[16] Koonz, Claudia (2003) The Nazi Conscience, Belknap, p. 59

[17] Ernst Klee. Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 2007), pp. ff.

[18] Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, expanded edition, trans. G. Schwab (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)

[19] Carl Schmitt. The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes: Meaning and Failure of a Political Symbol (Wesport: Greenwood Press, 1996), p. 24.

[20] Carl Schmitt. Land and Sea. Simona Draghici, trans (Plutarch Press, 1997). Original publication: 1954.

[21] Ibid.

[22] Ibid.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Glen Yeadon & John Hawkins. Nazi Hydra in America: Suppressed History of America (Joshua Tree, Calif: Progressive Press, 2008), p. 19.

[25] Yeadon & Hawkins. Nazi Hydra in America, p. 436.

[26] Alexandra Robbins. Secrets of the Tomb.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Joseph Trento. Prelude to Terror: Edwin P. Wilson and the Legacy of America’s Private Intelligence Network (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005), p. 5.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Ron Chernow. The Warburgs: The Twentieth-Century Odyssey of a Remarkable Jewish Family (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), p. 377.

[32] Ibid.

[33] Hjalmar Schacht. Confessions of the “Old Wizard.” (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956), p. 105.

[34] Higham. Trading with the Enemy, p. 7.

[35] Antony C. Sutton. “Chapter 9: Wall Street and the Nazi Inner Circle.” Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (Clairview Books, 2010).

[36] Trento. Prelude to Terror, p. 5.

[37] Peter Grose. Gentlemen Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Amherts: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994), p. 90.

[38] Yeadon & Hawkins. Nazi Hydra in America, p. 386.

[39] Higham. Trading with the Enemy, p. 20.

[40] Bloom. Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture, p. 344.

[41] Ruppin. Jews in the Modern World, 256–257. Cited in Bloom. Arthur Ruppin, p. 344.

[42] Bloom. Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture, p. 344.

[43] Jeremy Rosen. “Magda Goebbels and Haim Arlosoroff.” The Algemeiner (January 30, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.algemeiner.com/2017/01/30/magda-goebbels-and-haim-arlosoroff/

[44] Roger Manvell & Heinrich Fraenkel. Doctor Goebbels: His Life and Death (New York: Skyhorse, 2010), p. 299.

[45] Curt Riess. Joseph Goebbels (London: Hollis and Carter, 1949), p. 9.

[46] Ibid., p. 16.

[47] Ibid., p. 16.

[48] Peter Longerich. Goebbels: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2015), p. 24.

[49] Ibid., pp. 72, 88.

[50] Bloom. Arthur Ruppin, p. 349–350.

[51] Nicosia. Third Reich and the Palestine Question, 63–64, 105, 219–220. Cited in Bloom. Arthur Ruppin, p. 352–353.

[52] Perliger & Weinberg, p. 101.

[53] Calder Walton (2008). “British Intelligence and the Mandate of Palestine: Threats to British national security immediately after the Second World War.” Intelligence and National Security. 23 (4): 435–462.

[54] He Khazit, Issue 2, August 1943; cited in Heller, p. 115.

[55] Eran Kaplan & Derek J. Penslar. The Origins of Israel, 1882–1948: A Documentary History (2011) p. 274.

[56] Sasson Sofer. Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy. (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 253–254.

[57] Klaus Polkehn. “The Secret Contacts: Zionism and Nazi Germany, 1933-1941.” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3/4 (Spring/Summer, 1976), p. 86.

[58] Heller (1985) p. 85.

[59] Joseph Heller. The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–1949 (Routledge, 2012), p. 114

[60] Paul Johnson. A History of the Jews, p. 523.

[61] Bruce Hoffman. Inside Terrorism (Columbia University Press, 1999), pp. 48–52

Divide & Conquer