10. Polaires Brotherhood

Holy Blood

Relevant Genealogies

The “regency” of Fabré-Palaprat’s Order of the Temple, founded in 1804 based on the spurious Larmenius Charter, had been given by some surviving members to Joséphin Péladan, who founded the Order of the Temple and the Grail and the Catholic Order of the Rose-Croix.[1] In Le secret des Troubdours (“The Secrets of the Trabdours”), Péladan was the first to identify the Cathar castle of Montsegur with Munsalväsche or Montsalvat, the Grail castle in Wolfram’s Parzival. This identification inspired a wider legend asserting that the Cathars possessed the Holy Grail. According to these stories, the Cathars guarded the Grail at Montsegur, and smuggled it out when the castle fell in 1244.[2] An early member of Péladan’s grail order was Belgian occultist Émile Dantinne (1884 – 1969). When Peladan died in 1918, Dantinne reorganized the order under the name of Ordre Rose+Croix Universelle. In 1934, Dantinne became one of the founders of FUDOSI, a federation of traditional Rosicrucian and Martinist orders, originating from Papus, Peladan, Stanislas de Guaita and the Ordre kabbalistique de la Rose+Croix (OKR+C). The leading societies involved in FUDOSI were Harvey Spencer Lewis’s AMORC and the Brotherhood Polaires, who thought of themselves as recipients of the Boreal tradition of Thule.

The Brotherhood Polaires provided the underlying mythologies that led to the Nazis’ obsessions with topics of the Grail and Tibet, and ultimately to the sensationalistic Holy Blood Holy Grail, published in 1982, which inspired Dan Brown’s international bestseller The Da Vinci Code. The basis of this mythology was a purported order named the Priory of Sion, supposedly founded in 1099, which was dedicated to preserving the secret of the Grail. However, as revealed by Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince in The Sion Revelation, the personalities involved in the propagation of the myth were associated with modern synarchist and Martinist organizations, who aspired to create a European Union. This “Empire of the End Times,” was to be ruled by the Grand Monarch prophesied by Nostradamus and fulfill the Three Secrets of Fatima. According to some accounts, Nostradamus’ grandfather was Jean de Saint-Remy, a Jewish Kabbalist at the court of René of Anjou, a purported Grand Master of the Priory of Sion.[3]

Nostradamus (1503 – 1566), astrologer to Catherine de' Medici

The mythical Priory of Sion was created by a man named Pierre Plantard as a framework for his claim of being the Great Monarch. According to the story that was concocted, the Priory of Sion were protectors of a holy bloodline of Merovingian kings who were descended from Jesus who secretly married Mary Magdalene. Borrowing from the legends of Memphis-Mizraim, the legend of the Priory of Sion associates its founding with the followers of Ormus, who moved to territory in France owned by Godfroi de Bouillon, the first Grand Master of the Prieuré de Sion. It is also said to have created the Knights Templar as its military arm and financial branch. Discernible through their red hair, the secrets of the bloodline were cryptically referred to in Magdalen being depicted with red hair in Da Vinci’s Last Supper, and survived among the Sinclairs of Rosslyn. The legendary Holy Grail is therefore the womb of Mary Magdalene and the sacred her sacred lineage, and the Church tried to kill off, and their supposed guardians, the Cathars and the Templars, to suppressed the truth that threatened its legitimacy.

According to some accounts, Nostradamus’ grandfather was Jean de Saint-Remy, a Jewish Kabbalist at the court of René of Anjou, a purported Grand Master of the Priory of Sion.

Plantard alleges his true last name was St. Clair, to claim descent from the Sinclairs, hereditary Grand Masters of Scottish Rite Freemasonry, although no shred of proof supports his claim.[4] Although referred to as “fact” in Dan Brown’s best-selling The Da Vinci Code, in The Sion Revelation, Picknett and Prince concede that the Priory of Sion was a hoax, but they argue that it was a front organization for clandestine synarchist and Martinist secret societies plotting to create Saint-Yves d’Alveydre’s “United States of Europe.” Although a hoax, the lineage betrays an extensive knowledge of occult history. The list also included a number of far less well-known, personalities, though who under very close examination can be found to have exercised an important role in occult history. So, while the existence of the Priory of Sion itself is a myth, it is founded on a very real occult tradition. The documents claimed that the Priory was led by a series of successive heads who included Jean de Saint-Clair, Nicolas Flamel, René of Anjou.

Preceding René of Anjou and Flamel as Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion were Edward I, Count of Bar, his sister Jeanne de Bar and Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France, the second wife of Philip VI of France. By his first wife, Joan of Burgundy, Philip VI fathered John II, King of France, who married Bonne of Luxembourg. Their children included Charles V of France, John, Duke of Berry and René’s great-grandmother, Marie of Valois, Duchess of Bar, who married Robert I, Duke of Bar, the grandson of Edward I, Count of Bar. The three of them were cousins of Sigismund of Luxembourg, founder of the Order of the Dragon, whose father Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor was the brother of Bonne of Luxembourg. Bonne’s aunt, Beatrix of Luxembourg, married Charles I of Hungary, the founder of the Order of Saint George, that the Order of the Dragon was modeled on. Charles I was the grandfather of Sigismund’s wife, Mary, Queen of Hungary.

Genealogy of the PRIORY OF SION

RENE OF ANJOU (Grand Master of PRIORY OF SION) + Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine
- Margaret of Anjou + Henry VI of England (succeeded by Edward IV, s. of Richard Duke of York)
  - Edward, Prince of Wales
- YOLANDE OF BAR (Grand Master of the PRIORY OF SION, inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death without a male heir of Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine) + Ferri de Vaudemont (Order of the Crescent, with FRANCESO I SFORZA)
  - Margaret of Lorraine + René, Duke of Alençon
    - Anne of Alençon + Casale to William IX of Montferrat
      - Margaret Paleologa + Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (see above)
        LUDOVICO GONZAGA, DUKE OF NEVERS (Grand Master of the PRIORY OF SION)
  - RENE II, DUKE OF LORRAINE (Order of the Fleur de Lys) + Philippa of Guelders
    - Antoine, Duke of Lorraine + Renée de Bourbon (see above)
      - Francis I, Duke of Lorraine + Princess Christina of Denmark
        Charles III, Duke of Lorraine + Claude of France (see above)
        Henry II, Duke of Lorraine + Margherita Gonzaga
        Nicole of Lorraine + Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine
        Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (Order of the Golden Fleece)+ Eleonore of Austria (see above)
        Leopold, Duke of Lorraine + Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (see below)
        Christina of Lorraine (patron of Galileo)
        Renata of Lorraine + William V, Duke of Bavaria
        Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria + Maria Anna of Austria
        Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria + Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy
        Maria Anna of Bavaria + Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (see below)
      - Anna of Lorraine + René of Chalon, Prince of Orange (knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Willed the Principality of Orange to William the Silent)
    - Claude, Duke of Guise (founder of House of Guise, emade a duke by Francis I of France) + Antoinette de Bourbon
      - MARIE OF GUISE + James V of Scotland (see above)
        Mary, Queen of Scots + Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
        JAMES VI OF SCOTLAND (later King James I of England) + Anne of Denmark
        Charles I of England + Henrietta Maria of France
        Charles II of England + Catherine of Braganza (daughter of John IV of Portugal + Luisa de Guzmán, from the ducal house of Medina-Sidonia of allegedly crypto-Jewish background. See Genealogy of the Order of Santiago)
        Lady Mary Tudor + Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater
        James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater
        CHARLES RADCLYFFE (founder of the Grand Lodge of England, officer in the Order of the Fleur de Lys, and Grand Master of the PRIORY OF SION, ORDER OF THE FLEUR DE LYS)
        Mary, Princess of Orange + William II, Prince of Orange
        William III of England + Mary II of England (see below)
        James II and VII of England, Scotland and Ireland + Anne Hyde
        Mary II of England + William II, Prince of Orange (together known as William and Mary)
        William III of England, King of England, Ireland, and Scotland
        James II & VII + Mary of Modena
        James Francis Edward Stuart (“The Old Pretender”) + Maria Clementina Sobieska
        CHARLES EDWARD STUART (Bonnie Prince Charlie, "the Young Pretender")
        HENRY BENEDICT STUART (Cardinal Duke of York)
        Henrietta of England + PHILIPPE I, DUKE OF ORLEANS (Order of the Golden Fleece) - (see below)
        ALCHEMICAL WEDDING: Elizabeth Stuart + Frederick V of the Palatinate (see above)
        Charles Louis, (1617 – 1680)
        Charles II (1651 – 1685) + Princess Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark
        Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine + PHILIPPE I, DUKE OF ORLEANS (see below)
        Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern + Anna Gonzaga (see below)
        Sophia of Hannover + Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover (1629 – 1698)
        Sophia Charlotte (1668–1705) + Frederick I of Prussia (1657 – 1713)
        Frederick William I of Prussia (1720 – 1785) + Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
        George I of England (1660 – 1727)
      - Francis, Duke of Guise + Anna d'Este (see above)
        Henry I, Duke of Guise + Catherine of Cleves
        Charles, Duke of Guise (Grand Master of the ORDER OF THE FLEUR DE LYS. Sided with Marie de Medici)
        Charles, Duke of Mayenne + Henriette of Savoy
        Catherine of Lorraine-Mayenne + Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
        Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers + Maria Gonzaga
        Eleanora Gonzaga + Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (see below)
        Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Monferrat
        Marie Louise Gonzaga + Władysław IV Vasa and secondly John II Casimir of Poland
        Anna Gonzaga + Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (son of ALCHEMICAL WEDDING of Frederick V of the Palatinate + Elizabeth Stuart)
        Princess Anne of the Palatinate + Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (see below)
      - Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine (protector of Rabelais)
    - Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine (named Abbot Commendatory of the Abbey of Cluny by his friend King Francis I, Order of the Golden Fleece. Also friend of Erasmus and Rebelais)
  - Margaret of Lorraine + René of Alençon
    - Charles IV of Alençon + Marguerite of Angoulême
    - Françoise of Alençon + Charles de Bourbon (see above)
      - Antoine of Navarre + Jeanne III of Navarre (see above)
        Henry IV, King of France (first king of France of the House of Bourbon) + MARIE DE MEDICI
        Louis XIII of France + Anne of Austria (d. of Philip III of Spain, Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece)
        Louis XIV, King of France + MADAME DE MONTESPAN (practitioner of the Black Mass involved in the Affair of the Poisons)
        Louise Françoise de Bourbon + Louis III, Prince of Condé (see below)
        Françoise Marie de Bourbon + PHILIPPE II, DUKE OF ORLEANS (see below)
        PHILIPPE I, DUKE OF ORLEANS (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine + (see above)
        PHILIPPE II, DUKE OF ORLEANS (friend of CHEVALIER MICHAEL RAMSAY) + Françoise Marie de Bourbon (see above)
        Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)
        Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (1725 – 1785)
        LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF ORLEANS (Philippe Égalité, Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France)
        Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans + (see below)
        Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine + Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (see above)
        Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece) + Empress Maria Theresa (supporter of Jacob Frank)
        Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece, had affair with Eva, daughter of Jacob Frank)
        Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece) + Maria Luisa of Spain (d. Charles III of Spain, Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece)
        Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece) + Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
        Archduke Franz Karl + Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
        Franz Joseph I of Austria (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece)
        Maximilian I of Mexico
        Archduke Karl Ludwig + Princess Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies + Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
        Archduke Franz Ferdinand + Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
        Archduke Otto of Austria + Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
        Charles I of Austria + Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma
        OTTO VON HABSBURG (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece)
        Archduke Ferdinand of Austria + (see below)
        Marie Antoinette + Louis XVI
        Archduke Maximilian Francis (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, Grand Master of the TEUTONIC KNIGHTS, PRIORY OF SION, ORDER OF THE FLEUR DE LYS)
        Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, Grand Master of the TEUTONIC KNIGHTS, PRIORY OF SION)
        PHILIPPE I, DUKE OF ORLEANS (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Henrietta of England (see above)

Jean, Duke of Berry, sponsor of the Melusina legend, cousin of Sigismund of Luxembourg, founder of the Order of the Dragon

Charles I was descended from Peter II of Aragon, the founder of the Order of Saint George of Alfama, and a defender of the Cathars who was killed in the Battle of Muret, last major battle of the Albigensian Crusade. Peter II was the son of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha, the daughter of Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile and Richeza of Poland. Ferdinand II of Leon, the son of Alfonso VII and Berenguela, the daughter of the Templar Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, was the founder of the Order of Santiago. Ferdinand II’s great-granddaughter Eleanor of Castile married Edward I of England, grandfather of Edward III of England, who founded the Order of the Garter, which represented the survival of the Templar Knights.

Charles I’s aunt Eleanor of Anjou married Peter II’s great-grandson, Frederick III of Sicily, who hired services of Templar Roger “Jolly Roger” de Flor. Their daughter Constance of Sicily married Henry II of Lusignan, who transferred property of Templars to Hospitallers in 1313. Eleanor’s sister Blanche of Anjou married James II of Aragon, who transferred the Templar properties in Aragon to his own Order of Montesa, which was later merged with the Order of Saint George of Alfama.

Ferrante I Gonzaga (1507 – 1557), Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, uncle of his successor Ludovico Gonzaga

The House of Luxembourg, who like the House of Anjou and their descendants the House of Plantagenet and the French House of Lusignan are descended, according to medieval folk legends, from the dragon demon Melusine. It was at Jean de Berry’s request that Jean d’Arras, as he says in his introduction, wrote a long prose romance called the Roman de Mélusine or the Chronique de Melusine part of Le Noble Hystoire de Lusignan, in 1392-94. D’Arras dedicated the work to Jean de Berry’s sister Marie of Valois, Duchess of Bar and expressed the hope that it would aid in the political education of her children. René’s daughter, Margaret of Anjou, as the wife of Henry VI of England, was one of the principal figures in the Wars of the Roses and at times personally led the Lancastrian faction. René was succeeded as Grand Master of the Priory of Sion by his daughter, Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine, who inspired the opera Iolanta, written by Tchaikovsky.

Charles de Lorraine (1746–1780), brother of Francis I, Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, of the Oder of the Golden Fleece, and of the Order of the Fleur de Lys founded by René of Anjou

Yolande was then succeeded by Sandro Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci. But between da Vinci and Robert Fludd, who are relatively well-known, are three Grand Masters that are otherwise quite obscure. Their significance is discovered by the fact that they are listed as Grand Masters of the Order of the Fleur de Lys created by René of Anjou and linked to the founding of the Garde Ecossaise. They are also linked to the houses of Este, Savoy and Sforza, who are closely linked to the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Order of the Dragon. They include Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, and his successors Ferrante I Gonzaga and Ludovico Gonzaga. Among Botticelli’s patrons were the Medici, the Este, the Gonzaga. Da Vinci’s chief patron was Ludovico Sforza, Grand Master of the Order of the Fleur de Lys, and the son of Francesco I Sforza, founding member of Rene of Anjou’s Order of the Crescent.

Ludovico was succeeded by René II, Duke of Lorraine (1451 – 1508), the son of Yolande of Bar. René II married Philippa of Guelders, the niece of Philip the Good, founder of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Philippa’s father was Adolf, Duke of Guelders, the son of Catherine of Cleves, from the House of Cleves, who claimed descent from the Knight of the Swan, and resided in the Grail castle Schwanenburg, where Wolfram von Eschenbach wrote the story of Lohengrin, immortalized in Wagner’s famous opera. Catherine was the daughter of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves, who was raised by Emperor Sigismund as duke and a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1417. Her mother was Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves, sister of Philip the Good.

Adolf of Guelders’s sister, Marie of Guelders, married James V’s great-grandfather, James II of Scotland. James V was the son of James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Elizabeth of York, daughter of Elizabeth Woodville who was accused of witchcraft. Their son, James V of England, married Marie of Guise, the daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise (1496 – 1550), who was the son of Philippa and René II of Lorraine. Revealing her affiliation to the bloodline, in 1546, Marie Guise had signed an unusual Bond and Obligation to Sir William Sinclair: “In likewise that we sall be Leal and trew Maistres to him, his Counsill and Secret shewn to us we sall keep secret, and in all mattres gif to him the best and trewest Counsell we can as we sall be requirite thereto… and sall be reddy att all tymes to maintain and defend him…”[5]

Catherine of Cleves’s sister, Marie of Cleves, married Charles, Duke of Orléans (1394 – 1465), a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Their son was Louis XII of France, whose daughter Claude of France was the wife Francis I of France, sponsor of Guillaume Postel, who prophesied coming of Alias Artista. Claude’s sister, Renée of France married Ercole II d’Este, the son of Alfonso I d’Este and the infamous Lucrezia Borgia. Their son, Henry I, Duke of Guise, married another Catherine of Cleves, and fathered Charles, Duke of Guise, a Grand Master of the Order of the Fleur de Lys. Catherine’s sister, Henriette of Cleves, a lady-in-waiting to Catherine de Medici, was the wife of Ludovico Gonzaga.

René II was succeeded as Grand Master of the Order of the Fleur de Lys by Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (1490 – 1527), who was also a purported Grand Master of the Priory of Sion. Charles III was the second son of Gilbert Count of Montpensier and Clara Gonzaga, the daughter of Federico Gonzaga Marquess of Mantua and Margaret of Bavaria. Federico’s father was Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, the son of Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua, first Gonzaga to bear the title of marquess, which he obtained from Emperor Sigismund. Federico’s mother was Barbara of Brandenburg, niece of Emperor Sigismund. Clara’s brother was Francesco II Gonzaga, who married Isabella d’Este, a patron of Leonardo da Vinci, and was the father of Ferrante I Gonzaga, whose nephew was Ludovico Gonzaga.

René II’s other son Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, married Renée de Bourbon, the sister of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon. Their sister, Louise de Bourbon, was the grandmother of Charlotte of Bourbon who married William the Silent of Orange, and whose daughter, Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau married Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, to father Frederick V of the Palatinate. Mary, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V and Marie of Guise, was the mother of King James I of England, whose daughter was Elizabeth Stuart, whose marriage to Frederick of the Palatinate was celebrated as the Rosicrucian “Alchemical Wedding.”

Antoine and Renée’s grandson Charles III, Duke of Lorraine (1543 – 1608), married Claude of France, the daughter of Henry II of France, the son of Francis I of France. Claude’s mother was Catherine de Medici, who was a sponsor of Nostradamus and creator of the Black Mass. Charles III of Lorraine’s daughter Christina of Lorraine was Galileo’s patron. Christina’s brother, Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, married Margherita Gonzaga. Margherita’s mother Eleanor was the sister of Marie de Medici. Margherita’s father was Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and nephew of Ludovico Gonzaga. Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France, the first King of France of the House of Bourbon, and their daughter Henrietta Maria married Elizabeth Stuart’s sister, Charles I of England, who was executed in 1649 during the English Civil War led by Oliver Cromwell.

Henry II of France’s sister, Margaret of Valois married Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy. Nostradamus came to Turin in 1556 under the request of Emmanuel Philibert and Margherita, who remained childless. When Emmanuel Philibert and Margherita asked Nostradamus’ help to produce an heir for the throne, he assured the princess to rejoice, because the child with whom she was pregnant, “Would be a Son, who would be called Charles, and who would become the greatest Captain of his century.”[6] Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1562 – 1630), known as the Great, was also Titular King of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

Charles Emmanuel I’s daughter Isabella of Savoy married Alfonso III d’Este, Duke of Modena (1591 – 1644), whose grandson Alfonso IV d’Este (1634 – 1662) married Laura Margherita Mazzarini, the sister of Cardinal Mazarin. Their daughter was Mary of Modena, the second wife of James II of England. Their son, James Francis Edward Stuart (1688 – 1766), nicknamed, also nicknamed The Old Pretender, married Maria Clementina Sobieska, whose family was related to Jacob Frank.[7] Their sons included Bonnie Prince Charlie and his brother Henry Benedict Stuart, the Cardinal York (1725 – 1807), the fourth and final Jacobite heir to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland publicly, who was a great supporter of the Frankists.[8] Through their descent from Charles Emmanuel I, the brothers were also distant cousins of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820 – 1878), member of the Order of the Golden Fleece, who became the focus of the Carbonari plot for the unification of Italy, headed by Giuseppe Mazzini, purported successor as head of the Illuminati and founder of the Palladian Rite, with Otto von Bismarck and Albert Pike.

Maximilian Francis (1756 – 1801), Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, brother of Joseph II, in Vienna)visits with his sister Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI of France.

Successive Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion after Ludovico Gonzaga were associated with Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry, like Robert Fludd, Johann Valentin Andreae, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, and the Jacobite Charles Radclyffe, also a Grand Master of the Order of the Fleur de Lys, who founded the Grand Lodge of Paris. As a grandson of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, Radclyffe was a cousin of Bonnie Prince Charlie and Cardinal York. Radclyffe was succeeded by Charles de Lorraine (1712 – 1780, who in turn was succeeded by his nephew, Maximilian de Lorraine (1756 – 1801. Charles was the son of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine and Élisabeth Charlotte d’Orléans, the daughter of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans and Elizabeth Charlotte, the grand-daughter of the Alchemical Wedding of Frederick V of the Palatinate and Elizabeth Stuart. Elizabeth Charlotte’s brother, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, friend of Chevalier Michael Ramsay, married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan, who was accused of practicing the Black Mass in the Affaire of the Poisons. Charles de Lorraine was the brother of Francis I, the husband of Maria Theresa, who granted protection to Jacob Frank. Charles also married Maria Theresa’s sister, making him twice her brother-in-law. Maximilian de Lorraine was the son of Maria Theresa and Francis I. Maximilian’s brother Joseph II reportedly had an affair with Frank’s daughter Eva. Their sister was Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, who were executed during the French Revolution. Both Charles and Maximilian were also Grand Masters of the Teutonics Knights. Most importantly, Maximilian would become Grand Master of the Order of the Fleur de Lys.[9]

The remaining four Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion, before Plantard himself, included Charles Nodier, Victor Hugo, Claude Debussy and Jean Cocteau. Nodier (1780 – 1844) was an influential French author and librarian who introduced a younger generation of Romanticists to the conte fantastique, gothic literature, and vampire tales. In 1824, Nodier was appointed librarian of the Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal in Paris, originally founded by Francis I of France, where he and his associates methodically explored the library, which included an exhaustive collection of works on magic, Kabbalah and Hermetic thought, including the original manuscripts of The Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin, Book of the Penitence of Adam and the Grimoire of Armadel. Nodier also collaborated with Éliphas Lévi, and became a source of influence for artists and intellectuals such as Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Dumas, Delacroix, Gérard de Nerval. Dumas incorporated his recollections of Nodier into his novelette La Dame au Collier de Velours. In 1936, the Arsenal acquired all the papers of Joséphin Péladan. Nodier held at the library some the most reputable literary salons of the day.

Nodier’s chief disciple and closest friend was the novelist Victor Hugo. Hugo was also a close friend of Éliphas Lévi, as well as Saint-Yves d’Alveydre and Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s son, the Earl of Lytton. The Earl’s son, Neville Bulwer-Lytton, married Judith Blunt-Lytton, the daughter of Wilfred Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne, a grand-daughter of the poet Lord Byron. Blunt was also the British contact for Jamal ud Din al Afghani, Saint-Yves’ contact for the legend of Agartha as “Hajji Sharif.”[10] Hugo was also a friend of Maurice Joly, the protégé of Aldolphe Crémieux, Grand Master of the Rite of Mizraim and head of the Alliance Israelite Universelle. Joly was also the author of the 1864 work, Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, which is believed to have formed the basis of the Protocols of Zion. Hugo’s ideas may have been derived from Court de Gébelin, who popularized the occult properties of the Tarot, and whose influence might have contributed to the Gypsy character of Esmerelda in his 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. The link with the Fool card of the Tarot is hinted at in Hugo’s account of a Feast of Fools, celebrated on January 6, 1482, where Quasimodo serves as Pope of Fools.

French composer Debussy was a member of the OKR+C and a friend of Maurice Barrès of Action française, one of the founding members of revived Martinist Order along with Papus. Debussy made Victor Hugo’s acquaintance and subsequently he set a number of Hugo’s works to music. Debussy associated with the symbolist playwright, Maurice Maeterlinck, whose Pelleas et Melisande, he turned into a world-famous opera. In his early twenties, Jean Cocteau became associated with Proust, Gide and Maurice Barrès as well. He was also a close friend of Victor Hugo’s great-grandson, Jean, with whom he participated in explorations of spiritualism and the occult. In 1926, Cocteau designed the set for a production of the opera Pelleas et Melisande because, according to one commentator, he was “unable to resist linking his name for all time to that of Claude Debussy.”[11]

A.M.O.R.C.

All but two of the purported Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion are also found on lists of alleged “Imperators” and “distinguished members” of the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC), which shared extensive links with the synarchists and the Brotherhood Polaires.[12] AMORC, which was founded in 1915 in New York by Harvey Spencer Lewis (1883 – 1939), borrowed heavily from Theosophy, the the Golden Dawn and the OTO. Lewis claimed that as a child he travelled with his father to southern France, where he was led to the company of a hierophant living in an ancient tower in Toulouse. The hierophant purportedly recognized Lewis’ qualities and initiated him into the ancient Ordo Rosae Crucis. Lewis was then, he asserted, privileged to attend a meeting of Illuminati, where he was commissioned to spread the Rose Cross mysteries to America.[13]

AMORC’s teachings draw upon ideas of the major philosophers, particularly Pythagoras, Thales, Solon, Heraclitus, Democritus, as well traditional healing and psychic techniques, material and spiritual alchemy, sacred architecture, meditation, karma and reincarnation. It claims to have been created to make public a supposed Rose-Croix Order that originated in Ancient Mystery schools supposedly established in Egypt about 1500 BCE. AMORC claims that among their most esteemed pupils were Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) and his wife Nefertiti, the parents of Tutankhamun, who established a kind of monotheistic worship of Aten, the disk of the Sun.

Over the centuries these Mystery Schools were succeeded by the Essenes, who created the original Christian Mysteries, assisted by the adepts of the Great White Brotherhood—mentioned by Blavatsky and Annie Besant—and later to be inherited by the Templars. In his search for the secret council of sages, Aleister Crowely eventually became a neophyte in Golden Dawn, which represented itself to be the visible and earthly outer order of the Great White Brotherhood. Aleister Crowley identified the Great White Brotherhood with the A∴A∴, his magical secret society.[14] According to AMORC the Great White Brotherhood is the “school or fraternity” of the Great White Lodge.[15] An AMORC document of 1916 reported that the Supreme Chief of the order was living in Tibet.[16]

AMORC claims that Rosicrucianism was brought to Philadelphia in 1694 under the leadership of Grand Master Johannes Kelpius, the follower of Johann Jacob Zimmerman, who was part of the Sabbatean-connected circle of Benjamin Furly, known as the Lantern, which included alchemists van Helmont, Henry More, John Dury and William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania.[17]

There were two distinct Rosicrucian traditions in the United States. Reuben Swinburne Clymer headed the Fraternitas Rosae Crucis, founded Paschal Beverly Randolph, whom he claimed he had been given his authority by the European Rosicrucians, who had authorized him to take the Order to America in 1852. Randolph believed that throughout history a series of initiatory orders were controlled by higher spiritual beings, which he referred to like Blavatsky as the Great White Brotherhood, and Clymer claimed that the Grand Master of his order, the Fraternitas Rosae Crucis, was directly accountable to them. This was many years before AMORC (Ancient and Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis) was founded by Spencer Lewis. The resulting dispute was settled in court, in Clymer’s favor, accepting his registration of the title “Rosicrucian” in 1935.

Lewis was associated with Theodor Reuss, founder of the OTO, and Clymer claimed Lewis was aiming to transform AMORC into a cult of black magic, under the dominion of Aleister Crowley, whom he acknowledges to be his Secret Chief, and of largely plagiarizing OTO materials.[18] Lewis therefore forced to distance himself from Crowley, who was derided as a “black magician,” and who Reuss had supposedly expelled from the OTO in 1921. Reuss elevated Lewis through the honorary degrees of the Scottish Rite, the Rite of Memphis, the Rite of Misraim, and the OTO respectively in order to side-step Crowley. Lewis referred to the OTO as the “outer façade” of Rosicrucianism, and called himself an Illustrious Knight (Templar) of the Order of Kadosch, and Companion of the Holy Grail, in conformity with his OTO membership. After Reuss’ death in 1923, Lewis as Crowley’s rival sought an alliance with a branch of the OTO which differed from Crowley’s. Since Hans Rudolf Hilfiker was joining forces with Clymer, Lewis turned his back on the Swiss OTO which had been named in his Warrant, but allied himself with Heinrich Traenker in Germany, who had signed himself as “National Grand Master of the O\T\O\” in a letter to him. In August 1930, the two men planned a “Pansophia International Rosicrucian Council,” which under the twin banners of the OTO and AMORC would send out a “Second Fama.”[19]

King of the World

The Brotherhood Polaires had emerged in Paris in the mid-1920s inspired by the tales of Agartha reported by the Polish explorer Ferdiand Ossendowski (1876 – 1945). It was probably through Martinist channels that Ossendowski learned of the legend of Agartha. Ossendowski wrote a book in 1922 titled Beasts, Men and Gods, in which he tells a story he claims was imparted to him of a subterranean kingdom that exists inside the earth. This kingdom was known to the Buddhists as Agharti, which is associated with Shambhala. In Ossendowski and the Truth (1925), the Swedish explorer of Tibet, Sven Hedin, dismissed Ossendowski’s claims of having heard of Agharti from Mongolian lamas. Edin suspected that Ossendowski had derived the myth of Agharti from Saint-Yves d'Alveidre and adapted it to his story in order to appeal to a German reading public familiar with the Occult.[20]

Ossendowski was told of the miraculous powers of the Tibetan monks—and the Dalai Lama in particular—powers, he said, that foreigners could barely comprehend, and continued: “But there also exists a still more powerful and more holy man… The King of the World in Agharti.”[21] Ossendowski was also told:

The kingdom is called Agharti. It extends throughout all the subterranean passages of the whole world…. These subterranean peoples and spaces are governed by rulers owing allegiance to the ‘King of the World’… You know that in the two greatest oceans of the east and the west there were formerly two continents. They disappeared under the water but their people went into the subterranean kingdom. In underground caves there exists a peculiar light which affords growth to the grains and vegetables and long life without disease to the people.[22]

Ossendowski’s King of the World was therefore related to Blavatsky’s Sanat Kumara, whom she identified with Lucifer and the Fallen Angels. Sanat Kumara gained greater prominence when her follower Charles W. Leadbeater wrote that Sanat Kumara was the “King” or Lord of the World, and the head of the Great White Brotherhood of Mahatmas who had revealed the principles of Theosophy. Leadbeater and later Theosophists like Alice A. Bailey believed that Sanat Kumara came to Earth 18,500,000 years ago from the etheric plane of the planet Venus, accompanied by 30 “Lords of the Flame.” Sanat Kumara is regarded as the great guru, savior of Earth. He is an “advanced being” of the Ninth Initiation (the highest Initiation possible on planet Earth) who is regarded as the Lord or Regent of Earth and of humanity, and the head of the Spiritual Hierarchy of Earth who dwells in Shambhala, a city said to be a floating in the etheric plane above the Gobi Desert. He is equated with Skanda/Kartikeya of Hinduism, Brahma-Sanam Kumar of Buddhism, and Ahura Mazda of Zoroastrianism. Another common appellation of Sanat Kumara is the “Ancient of Days.” It is also considered that Sanat Kumara is al Khidr.

While the Agartha myth has no real Asian roots whatsoever, it nevertheless influenced Guénon in his widely read work Le Roi du Monde (King of the World), published in 1927 and translated into many languages, in which he supported the claims of Ossendowski. Guénon wrote of a great Hyperborean culture that flourished around the Arctic Circle and of its outposts Shambhala in the East and Atlantis in the West. The subterranean synarchist realm of Agartha and its hidden ruler were the subjects of Guénon’s The Ruler of the World. According to Guénon, Agartha represents “a spiritual center existing in the terrestrial world,” housing “an organization responsible for preserving integrally the repository of sacred tradition which is of ‘non-human’ origin… and through which primordial wisdom communicates across the ages to those capable of receiving it.”[23]

In the Kabbalah, according to Guénon, the King of the World is Metatron, “the Prince of the World,” and the consort of the Shekhinah. The Lord of the World is the same as the mysterious figure known in the Bible as Melchizedek, “king of Salem,” the name of Agartha claimed Guenon. [24] The same figure is revered among the Sufis as a great mystic teacher known as al Khidr, or “the Green One.” The Asiatic Brethren were also known as Melchizedek Lodges. In the New Testament, the three wise men were in fact the leaders of the Agartha. Of the swastika, Guénon maintained, “…this centre constitutes the fixed point known symbologically to all traditions as the ‘pole’ or axis around which the world rotates. This combination is normally depicted as a wheel in Celtic, Chaldean, and Hindu traditions.” Such, claims Guénon, is the true significance of the swastika, seen world-wide, from the Far East to the Far West, which is intrinsically the “sign of the Pole.”[25] It was supposed to defeat and replace the cross, just as neo-paganism would defeat and replace Christianity.

Oracle of the Astral Force

More would be known about the Brotherhood Polaires had it not been that the Theosophical Society’s headquarters in Paris were looted during the Nazi occupation, along with the archives of many Freemasonic and esoteric organizations. Christian Bernadac surmises that Alfred Rosenberg wanted these materials for his academy in Frankfurt.[26] The foundation for what would eventually become Brotherhood Polaires began in 1908 when a young Italian named Mario Fille met a mysterious hermit named Father Julian during a holiday in Bagnaia, north of Rome. Father Julian provided Fille with some old and withered parchments that contained mathematical operations that would allow him to contact the Unknown Superiors. In 1920, Fille allegedly made a visit to Egypt where he met another Italian, Cesare Accomani, who called himself Zam Bhotiva.

Together, they succeeded in making contact with a source called the “The Oracle of the Astral Force,” a channel to the “Rosicrucian Initiatic Centre of Mysterious Asia.” They were also referred to as the Great White Brotherhood. This center was supposedly situated in the Himalayas and was headed by “Three Wise Men” who lived in Agartha, and directed the fate of humanity. Bhotiva refers to the various examples of the Three Wise Men in the past: the Three Wise Men of Atlantis, the three Druids, and the Magi of the Bible. He claims that Agartha with its Three Wise Men had inspired certain oracles in ancient times like that of Delphi, that of Horus and the Babylonia Bel-Marduk.[27] Bhotiva refers to a notation by Arturo Reghini (1878 – 1946), an Italian representative of the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO): “It appears to me that there is a certain relationship between the messages of the oracle and those found by Saint-Yves d’Alveydre and Ferdinand Ossendowski on the subject of the Three Wise Men… Both place Three Wise Men at the pinnacle of Agartha.”[28]

In 1929, they received an order from the oracle to found La Fraternite des Polaires, de Thule en Shamballah (Brotherhood Polaires, of Thule in Shambhala”). Regular communications with the “Intelligences,” Fille and Accomani claimed, resurrected a movement which had previously been known as Cathars, Gnostics, Albigenses, Templars, and Essenes. Among those who were claimed as incarnated Brothers, were Jesus, St. John, Shakespeare, Francis Bacon and Arthur Conan Doyle. The original Order consisted of a central group that was led by “The Nine,” a council of nine members. The leadership of the Order was in the hands of “Le Grand Maitre de L’Ordre secret,” Grand Master of the Secret Order, who was chosen through the aid of the Oracle of the Astral Force.

Astrologer Paul Le Cour, founder of Atlantis journal

Between the two world wars, the Polaires brought together a number of French occultists, such as René Guénon, Jeanne Canudo, Jean Chaboseau, Fernand Divoire, and the alchemist Eugène Canseliet, and Paul Le Cour who was involved with a friend of Pierre Plantard in his Atlantis association. Jean Chaboseau (1903 – 1978), the son and successor of Augustin Chaboseau who co-founded the Martinist Order with Papus, was the author of Tarot: Interpretive Essay Based on the Principles of Hermeticism. Fernand D’ivoire (1883 – 1940) was the author of Pourquoi je crois en l’occultisme (“Why I Believe in Occultism”) and maintained links with the Thule Society. Le Cour (1871 – 1954) belonged to the Hiéron du Val d’Or, which believed that Christianity originated in Atlantis, and was the “universal tradition” sought by occultists. Le Cour created the organization Atlantis to continue the work of the Hiéron after the demise of the order. Le Cour promoted a spiritual tradition supposedly originating in Atlantis, which looked forward to a coming Age of Aquarius. Also an astrologer, in 1927, Le Cour created the association and the journal Atlantis, and in 1937, he published The Age of Aquarius, which is considered to be one of the precursor texts of the “New Age” movement.[29]

Eugène Canseliet (1899 – 1982) was a student of Fulcanelli a mysterious French alchemist whose identity is still debated. Canseliet wrote the prefaces to Fulcanelli’s most well-known books are Le Mystère des Cathédrales (“The Mystery of the Cathedrals”) written in 1929 and Les Demeures philosophales (“The Philosopher’s Homes”). However, according to Le Cour, Fulcanelli was none other than Canseliet himself.[30] Fulcanelli’s works aim to decipher the alchemical symbolism of several Templar constructions, such as Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, Amiens Cathedral, the Lallemant Hotel in Bourges, the Obelisk of Villeneuve-le-Comte. By 1916, Fulcanelli had accepted Canseliet, who was then only sixteen, as his first student. During 1921, he accepted the sons of Ferdinand de Lesseps as students and in 1922 two more students: Jules Boucher and Gaston Sauvage. In 1922, Boucher (1902 – 1955), started his occult career with Jean-Julien Champagne, who took Boucher and Canseliet on as students in alchemy. This group of students would become known as Les Frères d'Héliopolis (“the Brotherhood of Heliopolis”).

Eugène Canseliet (1899 – 1982), a.k.a Fulcanelli

During 1929 and 1930, the Polaires are also said to have made excavations and archival researches in the region south of Toulouse—which was subjected to the Albigensian Crusade, resulting in the fall of the Cathar fortress of Montsegur in 1244—and were reputed to have found traces of Christian Rosenkreutz’s passage through the area.[31] In 1931, the Polaires were directed by the Oracle to seek the lost Gospel of John in the Pyrenees. The Polaires came to a valley in the Ariege to excavate the ruins of the castle of Lordat, with the blessing of its owner, Countess Pujol-Murat. Joined by Ivan Cooke, following channeled communications from the spirit of Arthur Conan Doyle, the Polaires were convinced that Lordat was visited by Christian Rosenkreutz on his return from the East.[32] This report corresponds with Bhotiva’s alleged discovery, also via the Oracle, of the “Wand of Pico della Mirandolla,” which was said to quiver near the presence of gold. With a female companion, Bhotiva set off to find the lost treasure of Montsegur.[33]

In 1931, through Grace Cooke, a London medium, a spirit claiming to be Arthur Conan Doyle communicated through her that the Polaires were “destined to help in the moulding of the future of the world… For the times are near.” In 1936, Grace and Ivan Cooke founded the White Eagle Lodge, to share the teachings from Cooke’s spirit guide, a Tibetan sage named White Eagle. The Lodge uses the symbol of the six-pointed Christ Star. A member of the White Eagle Lodge reported that the Polaires had taken over Annie Besant’s Order of the Star of the East, as well as its symbol, when Krishnamurti dissolved it in 1929.[34] According to Christian Bernada, the Theosophists’ messiah Krishnamurti was “the Polaires’ Messiah.”[35] Magre contributed in 1928 to the Cahiers de I'Etoile, a Krishnamurti-centered publication.

According to another member, Maurice Magre (1877 – 1941), a French writer who became interested in Theosophy and Martinism, “The existence of this brotherhood, variously known as Agartha and as the Great White Brotherhood, is what is always has been, but unproven by those ‘material evidence’ of which the Western mind is so fond.”[36] On the occasion of the publication of one of his books in 1924, Le Figaro wrote: “Magre is an anarchist, an individualist, a sadist, an opium addict. He has all the faults, he’s a very great writer. You have to read his work.”[37] Magre was an ardent defender of Occitania, and contributed greatly to making known the martyrdom of the Cathars. In 1931, Magre wrote also published The Return of the Magi, which claims to explore the history of recurring occult messengers including Apollonius of Tyana, the Cathars, Templars, Christian Rosenkreutz, Nicholas Flamel, Comte Saint-Germain and H.P. Blavatsky. In 1935, he undertook a journey to India to meet Sri Aurobindo in his ashram in Pondicherry.[38]

Magre was an important influence in the identification of the Cathar castle of Montsegur with the Holy Grail. According to Magre, in his book Magicians, Seers, and Mystics, from accounts supposedly derived from oral tradition, Christian Rosenkreutz was the last descendant of the Germelshausen, a German family from the thirteenth century. Their castle was found in the Thuringian Forest on the border of Hesse, and they embraced Cathar doctrines. The whole family was put to death by Landgrave Conrad of Thuringia (c. 1206 – 1240), except for the youngest son, who was then five years old. Conrad was the youngest son of Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia, and the brother of Louis IV of Thuringia who married to Saint Elisabeth of Hungary of the Miracle of the Roses, from whom were descended the Landgraves of Hesse. Christian Rosenkreutz was carried away secretly by a monk, an Cathar adept from Languedoc, and placed in a monastery under the cult’s influence, where he was educated and met the four Brothers later to be associated with him in the founding of the Rosicrucian Brotherhood.

L’Église Gnostique Apostolique

Jean Bricaud (left), Patriarch of the *Église Gnostique Universelle*, the official church of the Martinist Order

Harvey Spencer Lewis came into contact with Accomani in 1930.[39] The Polaires was to become one of the major groups of the Universal Federation of Initiatic Orders and Societies (FUDOSI), a federation meant to bring together authentic initiatic orders where AMORC played a leading role. After World War One, and the death of Papus in 1916, the Martinist Order became almost extinct and the surviving members split into competing factions. Charles Détré (1855 – 1918), known simply as Téder, succeeded Papus as Grand Master of the “original” Martinist Order. Téder made his debut in anti-Masonry with a book entitled Les apologistes du crime (“The Apologists for Crime”), directed against Scottish Masonry, the Jesuits and Catholics. After arriving in Belgium, he was expelled for blackmail, and took refuge in England where he met John Yarker who transmitted to him his titles of “irregular” masonry. After Papus’ death, Téder briefly led the Martinist Order, as well as the French section of the Rite of Memphis-Misraïm and the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) and from 1916 to 1918 he was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the Swedenborgian Rite of France, which had been taken up by Papus on the fringes of his Martinist Order.[40]

It was Téder’s friend Jean Bricaud (1881 – 1934) who succeeded him at the head of the Martinist Order, moving its headquarters from Paris to Lyon. Under Bricaud, who also became Grand Master of Memphis-Mizraim, and President of the International Occultist Society, a hybrid form of Martinism was developed, which included Martinism, Elus Cohen, the Gnostic Church, and the Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry. Bricaud was also Patriarch of l'Église Gnostique Universelle (“Universal Gnostic Church”), which he founded with Papus in 1907, as a schematic branch of the Gnostic Church of Jules Doinel, which was inspired by the ancient Gnostics and the Cathars. Bricaud’s branch claimed to be the fusion of the three Gnostic Churches of France, Doinel’s Gnostic Church, the Carmelite church founded by Eugène Vintras (1807-1875) around 1851, and the Johannite church of Fabré-Palaprat.[41]

In 1908, at International Masonic and Spiritualist Conference in Paris, organized by Papus, Victor Blanchard, Téder and others, Papus was chartered by Reuss to establish a “Supreme Grand Council of the Unified Rites of Antient and Primitive Masonry for the Grand Orient of France and its Dependencies at Paris". The constituting letters of Patent were sent to Berlin by John Yarker. Papus apparently granted Reuss episcopal and primatial authority in the Église Catholique Gnostique, which Reuss translated into German as Die Gnostische Katholische Kirche. In his publication of the Crowley’s Gnostic Mass in 1917, Reuss referred to Bricaud as the Sovereign Patriarch of the EGU, and himself as Legate for Switzerland and Sovereign Patriarch and Primate of Die Gnostische Katolische Kirche (GKK), his German branch of the church. Bricaud and Reuss then revealed their idea of introducing Crowley’s Gnostic Mass as a Gnostic religion for the 18° of the Scottish Rite, at the Zurich Masonic Congress in 1920. This, however, only led to the final rupture between the OTO and Freemasonry.[42]

In 1918, Bricaud consecrated Victor Blanchard (1873 – 1953) as bishop of l'Église Gnostique Universelle, which had become the official church of the Martinist Order. Blanchard, who had been secretary to Papus and Détré, and a member of Papus’ Supreme Council, became the Grand Master of the Brotherhood Polaires. Many Martinists left the Ordre Martiniste de Lyons, some of them joining Blanchard, who also claimed to be the legitimate successor of Papus as head of the Martinist Order, but who rejected the Masonic requirements, and in 1920 founded his own Ordre Martiniste et Synarchique (OMS). The OMS has an official church, the Église Gnostique Universelle (“Universal Gnostic Church), also known as L’Église Gnostique Apostolique (“Gnostic Apostolic Church”). Both Imperators of AMORC, Ralph Maxwell Lewis and Harvey Spencer Lewis were initiated into the OMS.

F.U.D.O.S.I.

Blanchard also represented the OKR+C within the FUDOSI.[43] The OMS was replaced at the fourth convention by the Ordre Martiniste Traditionnel (OMT), founded in 1931 by Augustin Chaboseau, and attracting members who had revolted against Téder and Bricaud and their blend of Masonic Martinism, and who did not recognize Blanchard as a Grand Master of the Martinist order. The OMT’s teachings are nevertheless those which its officers obtained when they were initiated into the OMS by Blanchard in the 1930s. These included Tarot, Ceremonial Magic, the Zohar and The Mystical Kabbalah, written by Dion Fortune.[44]

In August 1934, Spencer Lewis traveled to Brussels so as to participate in the creation of the FUDOSI, and became one of the organization’s three worldwide directors. Blanchard became one of the first three “Imperators” of this federation, along with Émile Dantinne. In 1938, Blanchard auto-consecrated himself as the Universal Grand Master of the Rose-Croix and of all the Initiatic Orders of the world, in response to the Oracle of the Astral Force he consulted within the Brotherhood Polaires, of which he was its President since 1933. After he sent a proclamation to each Grand Master of the FUDOSI, he was expelled from the federation in 1939.

Many members, including such high dignitaries as George Lagrèze and Jeanne Guesdon, the Grand Secrétaire of AMORC-France, left the OMS and went over to Chaboseau’s OMT. Two other high dignitaries of the federation, Imperators Emille Dantinne and Harvey Spencer Lewis’s on Ralph Maxwell Lewis of AMORC, also left Blanchard’s OMS. Although he had received his Martinist initiations in the OMS, Harvey Spencer Lewis was asked by the OMT in 1939 to bring Martinism to the United States, and was granted the necessary charters and other documents.[45]

Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow

Also belonging to the Brotherhood Polaires was Maria Naglowska (1883 – 1936), a Russian occultist who wrote and taught sex magic.[46] She was rumored to have been initiated by Hassidic Jews or by Rasputin, or by the Russian sect of the Khlysty to which Rasputin was rumored to belong.[47] Khlysty practiced seeking the attainment of divine grace for sin in ecstatic rituals that were rumored to sometimes turn into sexual orgies.[48] Naglowska’s occult teaching centered on what she called the Third Term of the Trinity, in which the Holy Spirit of the classic Christian trinity is recognized as the “divine feminine.” Her practices supposedly aimed to bring about a “reconciliation” of the light and dark forces in nature through the sexual union of the male and female.

Naglowska fell in love with a young Jewish musician, Moise Hopenko, a street performer, and married him against the wishes of his family. The resulting break with Maria’s aristocratic family led the young couple to leave Russia for Berlin, Germany and then Geneva, Switzerland. After the birth of their two children, Alexander and Marie, Moise, who had become a Zionist, decided to leave them and move to Palestine around 1910. His departure happened after he met Theodor Herzl, the father of Zionism. This made things very difficult for Naglowska, then 27 years old, and pregnant with their third child, André, and who was forced to take on various small jobs in teaching, writing, translation and journalism to make ends meet. She made occasional contributions to various Swiss newspapers between 1916 and 1921.[49]

Naglowska moved to Rome around 1920 where she became acquainted with fascist intellectual Julius Evola (1898 – 1974).[50] In 1929, she moved to Paris where she conducted occult seminars on her ideas on sex magic. Attendance at these sessions included notable avant-garde writers and artists such as Evola, William Seabrook, Man Ray and André Breton. These gatherings eventually led to the establishment of the Confrerie de la Flèche d’Or (Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow).[51] During her time in Paris, she also published a newspaper called La Flèche (“The Arrow”) to which she and other occultists, including Evola, contributed articles. The newspaper also featured her own “Green Dragon” grimoire.

Evola, in his book Eros Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex, claimed that Naglowska often wrote for shock effect, noting her “deliberate intention to scandalize the reader through unnecessarily dwelling on Satanism.”[52] Naglowska referred to herself as “a Satanic woman” and proclaimed that “Reason is in the service of Satan.” She explicitly encouraged her disciples to imagine Satan as a force within humanity rather than as an external actual evil, destructive spirit.[53] One ritual for which there exists a first-hand account recalls that the ceremony included a naked Naglowska lying supine upon the altar, while a male initiate places a chalice upon her genitalia and proclaims, “I will strive by any means to illuminate myself, with the aid of a woman who knows how to love me with virgin love... I will research with companions the initiatory erotic act, which, by transforming the heat into light arouses Lucifer from the satanic shades of masculinity.”[54]

In 1931, Naglowska compiled, translated and published in French a collection of writings by Paschal Beverly Randolph, who had a profound influence on the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light. Her publication of Randolph’s previously little known teachings was the source of his subsequent influence in European magic.[55] As noted in the “Lexique succinct de l’erotisme,” in the catalog of the 1959 International Surrealist Exhibition in Paris, the surrealists were influenced by Naglowska,[56] and Randolph was also profiled in the Succinct Lexicon of Eroticism, published in the same 1959 catalog, which was devoted to the theme of Eros. The sketch, which mentioned Naglowska, was written at the request of André Breton by Gerard Legrand, who assisted Breton in his last major work, L’Art Magique (“Magic Art”), in 1957.

Ur Group

Naglowska, along with fellow Brotherhood Polaires members Arturo Reghini and Julius Evola, was also a member of the Ur Group.[57] Evola was the most important successor to Guénon’s Traditionalism. After World War I, Evola had been attracted to the avant-garde, and briefly associated with Marinetti’s Futurist movement, and became a prominent representative of Dadaism in Italy. Evola was introduced to Traditionalism around 1927 after he joined the Theosophical League founded by Polaires member Arturo Reghini, a Roman occultist immersed in alchemy, magic and theurgy, and who was a correspondent of Guénon. In 1927, Reghini, Evola and other occultists, including Giovanni Colazza (1877 – 1953), a disciple of Rudolf Steiner, founded the Gruppo di Ur, which performed rituals intended to inspire Italy’s fascist regime with the spirit of imperial Rome.

The Ur group also included Mircea Eliade (1907 – 1986), a central figure in the history of Traditionalism.[58] First interested in Theosophy and Martinism, Eliade became an intimate friend Evola who introduced to the work of Guénon.[59] One of his most influential contributions to religious studies was his theory of Eternal Return, which holds that myths and rituals do not simply commemorate hierophanies, but to the minds of the religious, actually participate in them. Eliade argued that all rituals at their core are reenactments of the primordial deeds performed by God, gods, or mythical ancestors during the period of creation.[60] Several times during the late 1930s, Eliade publicly expressed his support for the Iron Guard, a fascist and anti-Semitic political organization founded by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu in 1927, as the “Legion of the Archangel Michael.” Romania’s secret police, the Securitate, also portrayed Eliade as a spy for the British Secret Intelligence Service and as a former agent of the Gestapo.[61] Carl Schmitt was also in contact with Julius Evola, as well as Mircea Eliade, with whom he shared a mutual admiration. Schmitt wrote to Eliade that he regarded René Guénon as “the most interesting man alive today.”[62]

According to one scholar, “Evola’s thought can be considered one of the most radically and consistently antiegalitarian, antiliberal, antidemocratic, and antipopular systems in the twentieth century.”[63] Evola’s influences included Plato, Jacob Boehme, Arthur de Gobineau, Joseph de Maistre, Friedrich Nietzsche and Oswald Spengler, whose Decline of the West he later translated into Italian. In the final article of Book Three of the Introduction to Magic, Evola translates several sections from Aleister Crowley’s Liber Aleph, the Book of Wisdom or Folly, where Evola claims that, “In the contemporary magical amphitheater… Crowley is a figure of the first rank.” As an Italian representative of the OTO, Reghini also had a common friend in Crowley with Evola.[64]

Evola authored books covering themes such as Hermeticism, the metaphysics of war, sex magic, Tantra, Buddhism, Taoism and the Holy Grail. Evola’s interest in Tantra was inspired by correspondence with John Woodroffe, a.k.a. Arthur Avalon.[65] In Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, Richard K. Payne, Dean of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, argued that Evola manipulated Tantra in the service of right wing violence, as revealed in his emphasis on “power” in The Yoga of Power.[66] or Evola, the Left Hand path embraces violence as a means of transgression.[67] Evola claimed that “differentiated individuals” following the Left-Hand Path use dark violent sexual powers against the modern world. For Evola, these “virile heroes” are both generous and cruel, possess the ability to govern, and commit “Dionysian” acts that might be seen as conventionally immoral.

In 1928 Evola wrote the text Pagan Imperialism, which proposed the transformation of Fascism based on ancient Roman values and the Ancient Mystery, and a restoration of the caste-system and aristocracy of antiquity. The core trilogy of Evola’s works are generally regarded as Revolt Against the Modern World, Men Among the Ruins and Ride the Tiger. Evola argues for a radical restructuring of society based on his version of “Tradition.” Like Guénon, Evola believed that mankind is living in the Kali Yuga, a Dark Age of unleashed materialistic appetites, spiritual oblivion and dissolution. The Kali Yuga is the last of four ages, which form a cycle from the Satya Yuga or Golden Age through the Kali Yuga or the Iron Age described by Hesiod. To counter this and call in a primordial rebirth, Evola presented his world of Tradition.

Hyperborea

Herman Wirth (1885 – 1981) co-founded the SS-organization Ahnenerbe with Heinrich Himmler. — Herman Wirth (1885 – 1981) co-founded the SS-organization *Ahnenerbe* with Heinrich Himmler.

The Bulletin des Polaires, June 9, 1930, explained the significance of the reference to “polar” despite the Polaires’ center being somewhere in Asia:

The Polaires take this name because from all time the Sacred Mountain, that is, the symbolic location of the Initiatic Centers, has always been qualified by different traditions as “polar.” And it may very well be that this Mountain was once really polar, in the geographical sense of the word, since it is stated everywhere that the Boreal Tradition (or the Primordial Tradition, source of all Traditions) originally had its seat in the Hyperborean regions.

Inspired by SS member Herman Wirth, Evola reinterpreted Guénon’s perception that the origin of the “Primordial Tradition” was Hyperborean.[68] Wirth, Guénon and Evola’s theories of Hyperborea were inspired by Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s immensely influential 1903 work, The Arctic Home in the Vedas. Wirth was a prolific völkisch-inspired author who combined themes from Guido von List, Lanz von Liebenfels, and Rudolf von Sebottendorf and Karl Maria Wiligut.[69] In his 1928 magnum opus, Der Aufgang der Menschheit: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Religion, Symbolik und Schrift der Atlantisch-Nordischen Rasse, Wirth argued that the bulk of humanity’s cultural traditions are derived from a primordial “Nordic-Arctic” or “Nordic-Atlantic” race, the “cultural circle of Thule.”[70] The Nordic pre or proto-Aryan race, in Wirth’s history, began to disperse out of the Arctic in the Paleolithic era, preserving only remnants of its “religio-linguistic-symbolic paradigm.” In Der Aufgang der Menschheit and its successor, Wirth’s 1931-1936 Die Heilige Urschrift der Menschheit: Symbolgeschichtliche Untersuchungen diesseits und jenseits des Nordatlantik, Wirth sought to reconstruct the “primordial theology” and “proto-symbolic system” of the Nordic Urkulturkreis. Taken together, in Wirth’s theories, the theological, linguistic, and symbolic paradigm of the Nordic Urkultur is most consistently encapsulated in the calendric Great Year.[71]

In Wirth’s theory, the primordial “cosmic-calendrical-hieroglyphic system” was a complete “cosmo-monotheistic” worldview reflecting a perfect harmony between symbols, words, natural phenomena, and theological principles. Godwin summarizes Wirth’s posited Nordic prisca theologia and philosophia perennis as follows:

The race responsible for this script had perceived the great moral law of the universe as the eternal return, the perpetual coming into being and passing away. They recognized it especially in the annual journey of the Sun; this represented for them the Son of the immutable God who is His revelation in time and space… Thirdly there is All-Mother Earth, to whose bosom the Son/Sun goes each winter, and from whom he is reborn at the Solstice. At the end of the book, after 600 pages of documentation, Wirth concludes that we have learned the world-view of a race that lived in unison with God and the cosmos, in recognition of the great divine law of the eternal return.[72]

Guénon, in his Introduction générale a` l’étude des doctrines hindoues (“General Introduction to the Study of Hindu Doctrines”), referred to the myth of the Aryan origin of civilizations a “classical illusion.” Guénon was nevertheless convinced that the Hyperborean tradition was the oldest of humankind and had spread to different civilizations from the North Pole.[73] According to Godwin: “the basic outlines of Evola’s prehistory resemble those of Theosophy, with Lemurian, Atlantean, and Aryan root-races succeeding each other, and af pole-shift marking the transition from one epoch to another.”[74] In Revolt Against the Modern World, Evola explains that there is not one tradition, but two: an older and degenerate tradition that is feminine, matriarchal, unheroic, associated with the telluric negroid racial remnants of Lemuria; and a higher one that is masculine, heroic, “Uranian” and purely Aryo-Hyperborean in its origin. The latter one later gave rise to a Western-Atlantic tradition, which combined aspects of both through the historical migrations of the Hyperboreans and their degenerating assimilation of exotic spiritual influences from the South.

Evola reflected the synarchist belief in the right to rule of adepts of secret societies. As in Fascism and Nazism, Evola champions a powerful state unified under a rigid code and caste system. According to Evola, the superior priestly class of the world of Tradition was not merely a professional priesthood, but royalty itself because, in Evola’s view, temporal power proceeded from spiritual authority. Alluding to the theurgic nature of ancient magical ritual, Evola regards kings and the priestly caste as performing the sacred rites that connected human society to the gods: “The supernatural element was the foundation of the idea of a traditional patriciate and of legitimate royalty: What constituted an ancient aristocrat was not merely a biological legacy or a racial selection, but rather a sacred tradition.”[75]

According to Robert Richardson, Evola was also one of the sources of the concept of the Holy Grail and the phony bloodline of the Priory of Sion hoax.[76] Evola also referred to a special quality of the blood, which he alleged, once existed in one royal house. Above all, he admired Godfrey of Bouillon, first Latin ruler of Palestine after the First Crusade, as the ideal ruler, the lux monarchorum (“light of monarchs”).[77] In The Mystery of the Grail, written in 1934, Evola interpreted the Holy Grail and its heroic mythos as symbolic of knightly or kshatriya initiation, deriving from the ancient Celtic-Hyperborean tradition. Kshatriya is one of the four varna (social orders) of the Hindu caste system, and constituted the ruling and military elite. Evola linked the Grail mythos to the aspirations of the medieval Ghibellines, who attempted a restoration of the Holy Roman Empire.

To create the concept of the bloodline, Evola’s ideas were melded from the doctoral dissertation of Walter Johannes Stein, originally published in Germany in 1928. Stein was an Austrian Jew and Grail researcher affiliated with the Anthroposophical Society, and a close associate of its founder Rudolf Steiner. In an appendix to Stein’s The Ninth Century: World History in the Light of the Holy Grail, is a genealogical chart Stein referred to as the “Grail bloodline.” One side extends into the royal house of France. Another extends down to Godfrey of Bouillon. Part of Stein’s thesis is that these historical figures served as models for the characters and events in the Grail stories. According to Stein, the people associated with this family tree were acknowledged in their time as being of a high spiritual nature and having paranormal capacities.[78]

[1] Massimo Introvigne. “Ordeal by Fire: The Tragedy of the Solar Temple.” In The Order of the Solar Temple: The Temple of Death (ed.) James R. Lewis (Ashgate, 2006), p. 22.

[2] Juliette Wood. The Holy Grail: History and Legend (University of Wales Press, 2012), p. 74–76.

[3] Baigent, Leigh & Lincoln. Holy Blood, Holy Grail.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Richard Augustine Hay. Genealogie of the Sainteclaires of Rosslyn (Edinburgh: Thomas G. Stevenson, 1835), p. 134.

[6] Samuel Guichenon. Histoire généalogique de la royale Maison de Savoie justifiée par Titres, Fondations de Monastères, Manuscripts, anciens Monuments, Histoires & autres preuves autentiques (Lyon, Guillaume Barbier, 1660), p. 708. Retrieved from http://cura.free.fr/dico3/1101cn135.html

[7] Catholic Jew. “Frankists and the Catholic Church.” alternativegenhist.blogspot.ca (April 15, 2014).

[8] Ibid.

[9] “Maximilian Von Habsburg.” The Order of the Fleur de Lys. Retrieved from https://www.orderofthefleurdelys.org.uk/order-history/maximilian-von-hapsburg/

[10] David Livingstone. Ordo ab Chao. Volume Two, Chapter 20: Theosophy.

[11] Baigent, Leigh & Lincoln. Holy Blood, Holy Grail, p. 138.

[12] Massimo Introvigne. “Beyond The Da Vinci Code: History and Myth of the Priory of Sion.” CESNUR 2005 International Conference (June 2-5, 2005 – Palermo, Sicily).

[13] Tobias Churton. The Invisible History of the Rosicrucians: The World’s Most Mysterious Secret Society (Simon and Schuster, 2009).

[14] Aleister Crowley. A. Liber ABA, book 4. part 3, appendix II.

[15] Harvey Spencer Lewis. Rosicrucian Manual (AMORC, 1938), pp. 139-140.

[16] Tobias Churton. The Invisible History of the Rosicrucians: The World’s Most Mysterious Secret Society (Simon and Schuster, 2009).

[17] Julius Friedrich Sachse. The German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1895; New York, 1970 [reprint]), p. 258.

[18] R. Swinburne Clymer. Not Under the Rosy Cross (The Rosicrucian Foundation, 1935).

[19] Tobias Churton. The Invisible History of the Rosicrucians: The World’s Most Mysterious Secret Society (Simon and Schuster, 2009).

[20] Alexander Berzin. “Mistaken Foreign Myths about Shambhala.” Berzin Archives (November 1996). Retrieved from http://www.berzinarchives.com/

[21] Ferdinand Ossendowski. Beast, Men and Gods, (1922), p. 118.

[22] Alec Maclellan. The Lost World of Agharti, The Mystery of Vril Power (Souvenir Press, 1982).

[23] Réne Guénon. Le Roi du Monde (1927)

[24] René Guénon. The King of the World (Sophia Perennis, 2001), p. 34.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Joscelyn Godwin, Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival (Kempton, IL: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996), p. 91.

[27] Wegener. Heinrich Himmler, p. 118.

[28] Cited in Franz Wegener. Heinrich Himmler: German Spiritualism, French Occultism and the Reichsführer-SS (Kulturfoerderverein Ruhrg., 2013), p. 118.

[29] Evelyne Latour. La Théorie de l'ère du Verseau, depuis les origines jusqu'à Paul Le Cour et ses successeurs (1780 - XXIe siècle), mémoire sous la direction d’Antoine Faivre (1995).

[30] Patrick Rivière. Fulcanelli: His True Identity Revealed (Red Pill Press, Ltd, 2006), p. 84.

[31] Joseph George Caldwell. “On Edward Bulwer-Lytton: Agharta, Shambhala, Vril and the Occult Roots of Nazi Power.” (December 31, 2004). Retrieved from http://www.foundationwebsite.org/OnBulwerLytton.htm

[32] Churton. The Invisible History of the Rosicrucians.

[33] Godwin. Arktos, p. 40.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Ibid.

[36] Maurice Magre. Why I am a Buddhist (1928).

[37] Cited in Emmanuel Pierrat. Les Francs-Maçons sous l'occupation: Entre résistance et collaboration (Albin Michel, 2006).

[38] Maurice Magre. À la Poursuite de la Sagesse (Paris: Fasquelle Éditeurs, 1936).

[39] Robert North. The Occult Mentors of Maria de Naglowska (Privately printed, 2010).

[40] Serge Caillet. La Franc-maçonnerie swedenborgienne (Ed. de la Tarente, 2015).

[41] “L’Église Gnostique Apostolique – Gnostic Apostolic Church.” Retrieved from https://www.apostolicgnosis.org/jules-doinel.html

[42] Peter-R. Koenig. “Stranded Bishops: Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica.” Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20011108135612/http://www.cyberlink.ch/~koenig/bishops.htm

[43] Milko Bogaard. “Manifestations of the Martinist Order.” (February 2005). Retrieved from http://omeganexusonline.net/rcmo/martinistorders.htm

[44] Marcel Roggemans. History of Martinism and the F.U.D.O.S.I. (Lulu.com, 2008).

[45] Osterrieder, “From Synarchy to Shambhala,” p. 16

[46] Penelope Rosemont. Surrealist Women: An International Anthology. (Athlone Press, 1998). pp. lvi and xlii

[47] L’ésotérisme au féminin. (L’Age D’Homme, 2006), p. 118.

[48] E. Radzinsky. The Rasputin File, (Anchor, 2000).

[49] Michael William West. Sex Magicians (Inner Traditions/Bear, 2021).

[50] Hans Thomas Hakl. “The Theory and Practice of Sexual Magic Exemplified by Four Magical Groups in the Early Twentieth Century.” Hidden Intercourse: Eros and Sexuality in the History of Western Esotericism. (Fordham University Press, 2010) p. 465.

[51] William Traxler. “The Reconciliation of the Light and Dark Forces”, the Introduction to The Light of Sex by Maria de Naglowska. (Inner Traditions, 2011). pp. 4–8.

[52] Julius Evola. Eros Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex. (Inner Traditions, 1991) p. 261.

[53] Maria de Naglowska. Advanced Sex Magic: The Hanging Mystery Initiation. (Inner Traditions, 2011). p. 81.

[54] Gareth J Medway. Lure of the Sinister: The Unnatural History of Satanism. (New York University Press, 2001). p. 19.

[55] Arthur Versluis. Gutierrez, Cathy, (ed.) The Occult in Nineteenth Century America. (Aurora, CO: The Davies Group, 2005). p. 29.

[56] Penelope Rosemont. Surrealist Women: An International Anthology. (Athlone Press, 1998). pp. lvi and xlii

[57] Robert North. The Occult Mentors of Maria de Naglowska (Privately printed, 2010).

[58] Ibid.

[59] Sedgwick. Against the Modern World, p. 49.

[60] Brett & Kate McKay. “The Power of Ritual: The Creation of Sacred Time and Space in a Profane World.” The Art of Manliness (December 19, 2013).

[61] Alexandru Popescu. “Scriitorii şi spionajul” (“Writers and Spying”), in Ziarul Financiar, January 26, 2007 (Romanian).

[62] Mircea Eliade. The Portugal Journal, trans. Mac Linscott Ricketts (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2010).

[63] Franco Ferraresi. “The Radical Right in Postwar Italy.” Politics & Society, 1988 16:71-119, p. 84.

[64] Marco Pasi, “The Neverendingly Told Story: Recent Biographies of Aleister Crowley,”

Aries 3:2 (2003): 243.

[65] Gary Lachman. Politics and the Occult: The Left, the Right, and the Radically Unseen (Quest Books, 2012). p. 215.

[66] Richard K. Payne. Tantric Buddhism in East Asia. Simon and Schuster (2006). p. 229.

[67] Damon Zacharias Lycourinos, ed. Occult traditions (Numen Books).

[68] Stéphane François. “The Nouvelle Droite and ‘Tradition’.” Journal for the Study of Radicalism , Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring 2014), p. 98.

[69] Jafe Arnold. “Mysteries of Eurasia: The Esoteric Sources of Alexander Dugin and the Yuzhinsky Circle.” Research Masters Degree in Theology and Religious Studies / Western Esotericism, University of Amsterdam (2019).

[70] Joscelyn Godwin. Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations (Rochester: Inner Traditions, 2011), pp. 132-137.

[71] Herman Wirth. Der Aufgang der Menschheit: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Religion, Symbolik und Schrift der Atlantisch-Nordischen Rasse (Jena: Eugen Diederich, 1928), p. 193.

[72] Joscelyn Godwin. “Out of Arctica? Herman Wirth's Theory of Human Origins.” In Runa 5, 1999/2000, p. 4.

[73] Ibid.

[74] Godwin. Arktos, p. 60.

[75] Julius Evola. Revolt against the Modern World, pp. 35–37.

[76] Robert Richardson. “The Priory of Sion Hoax.” Gnosis: A Journal of the Western Inner Traditions (Spring 1999) no. 51.

[77] Ibid.

[78] Ibid.