World Union of National Socialists (WUNS)

After the decline of the MSI-linked European Social Movement (ESM), the World Union of National Socialists (WUNS) was created in 1962 when George Lincoln Rockwell of the American Nazi Party (ANP) anmet with Colin Jordan of the Northern League. Jordan’s wife Françoise Dior, the former wife of a French nobleman and the niece of the French fashion designer Christian Dior, became close friends with WUNS member Savitri Devi (1905 – 1982). Devi was the pseudonym of Greek writer Maximiani Portas, the first major post-war exponent of what Goodrick-Clarke, in Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity, has characterized as Esoteric Hitlerism. Savitri’s ideas concerning the origins of the Aryans were drawn from the books of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. She assimilated many notions from Hinduism and glorified the Aryan race and venerated Adolf Hitler as an avatar of Vishnu. Devi eventually achieved wide influence among neo-Nazi circles through her development of an occult form of Nazism. She had also corresponded with Aldous Huxley on the subject of Sun worship.[1]

Devi became close friends with Hans Ulrich Rudel. When the Socialist Reich Party (SRP) was declared anti-constitutional in Germany, the Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP) had moved towards explicit neo-Nazism in 1952. The DRP was founded in 1950 from the German Right Party. The membership of Rudel was seen as distinguishing the DRP as the new force of neo-Nazism as he enjoyed close ties to Savitri Devi and Nazi mysticism.[2] Through Rudel’s introductions, Devi was able to meet leading Nazi émigrés in the Middle East and Spain. In the spring of 1957, she stayed near Cairo with Johannes von Leers. Von Leers too was able to introduce her to many ex-Nazis and SS officers who had found refuge in Egypt. Later, in 1961, she was the guest of Skorzeny in Madrid.[3]

After leaving the League of Empire Loyalists, Jordan and John Tyndall formed the National Labour Party and the White Defense League, which in 1960 merged to form the British National Party (BNP). In 1962, the BNP split over Jordan’s Nazi tendencies, and he and Tyndall formed the National Socialist Movement (NSM). In 1963, Tyndall eventually fell out with Jordan over Françoise Dior who, though originally engaged to Tyndall, hastily married Jordan who had been released from prison before him, to avoid being expelled from Britain as an undesirable alien. Jordan’s wedding to Dior, which was celebrated with an incision on the ring finger of the bride and groom, was described in a brochure “Ancient Viking Blood Rite Revived.”[4]

In 1964 after he split from Colin Jordan’s NSM, Tyndall formed the Greater Britain Movement. The name of the group was derived from The Greater Britain, a 1932 book by Oswald Mosley. After Tyndall failed in his attempts to forge links with Rockwell, his Greater Britain Movement became close with the National States’ Rights Party (NRSP).[5] Jordan and Rockwell had agreed to work towards developing an international network between movements as an umbrella group for neo-Nazi organizations across the globe. This resulted in the 1962 Cotswold Declaration, which was signed by neo-Nazis from the US, Britain, France (represented by Devi), West Germany, Austria and Belgium.

Members pledged to acknowledge the “spiritual leadership of Adolf Hitler,” and to protect the Aryan race and Western Civilization by forming a “combat-efficient, international political apparatus to combat and utterly destroy the international Jew-Communist and Zionist apparatus,” and last but not least, project free enterprise.[6] More member nations would join later throughout the decade, including Argentina, Australia, Chile, Ireland, South Africa, Japan and others. Rockwell also became acquainted with Devi through WUNS, and once he succeeded Jordan as its leader, he launched National Socialist World as the party magazine. The journal’s editor Dr. William Pierce published condensed versions of Devi’s The Lightning and the Sun. Through Rockwell and Pierce, Devi’s Esoteric Hitlerism was brought to the attention of a much wider audience in Western Europe, the United States, South America and Australia.

John Patler, an associate of NSRP member James Warner, was expelled from the ANP by Rockwell in March 1967 for repeated attempts to inject Marxist ideas into party publications.[7] On August 25 of the same year, Patler shot Rockwell as he was leaving a laundromat in Arlington, Virginia. Following Rockwell’s assassination, NPR member Matt Koehl, gained control of WUNS. After joining the NRP and the NSRP, Koehl, who was also influenced by esoteric Hitlerism Savitri Devi, joined the American Nazi Party (ANP) in 1960. However, a split began to develop over the insistence of Matt Koehl that Nazism should also serve as a religion, and eventually he broke away from the WUNS to lead his own version of Nazi mysticism. Koehl became the leader of the New Order, a successor organization to the ANP, which became a self-styled National Socialist religious group which promotes Esoteric Nazism as an alternative faith for “Aryans.” Koehl was the longest serving leader of the ANP from 1967 to 2014.

Third Position

At a certain point, it became the official policy of WUNS, to avoid the term “right-wing,” claiming that National Socialism does not align with either “right” and “left” and ought instead to offer a position about this distinction.[8] From the 1960–1970s onwards, the Conservative Revolution influenced the European New Right, such as the Nouvelle Droite and the Neue Rechte, which advocated Third Position, a revived form of National Bolshevism, in opposition to both capitalism and communism.[9] Third Position politics saw the United States and liberal capitalism as the primary enemy, seeking an alliance with the Soviet Union, and promoting solidarity with Communist revolutionary movements in the Third World, including Asia and Latin America, and Arab opponents of Israel.[10] Francis Parker Yockey’s call for a rapprochement of the fascist right to Russia became the fundamental platform of the Nouvelle Droite.[11] According to Martin A. Lee in The Beast Reawakens, the Socialist Reich Party (SRP) never openly criticized the Soviet Union because the Soviet Union funded the organization as it held anti-American and pro-Soviet views.[12] The SRP denounced Chancellor Konrad Adenauer as an American puppet and claimed that Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz—whose cause was defended by the SRP’s American representative H. Keith Thompson—was appointed by Hitler as the last legitimate President of the German Reich.

Shortly before Germany’s surrender, Dönitz, acting as Germany’s new head of state, signed a memorandum in April 1945 stating that Germany’s revival could only be achieved through collaboration with the Soviet Union. The memorandum proposed an alliance to dominate Eurasia and to “confront the old rotten entrenched power of the West.” Thus, Kerry Bolton noted, from “the Dönitz memorandum we can appreciate that Yockey, Remer, Thompson, Weiss, et al., so far from representing a heretical strand within the Right, were continuing a tradition of realpolitik that saw a Russo-German alliance as an organic historical development, and none more so than in confronting the victors of the two world wars.”[13]

Yockey had gone behind the Iron Curtain, probably to East Germany, from the United States, where he lived for several years in circumstances that remain unknown.[14] Although Yockey was active in fascist circles after the war, George Lincoln Rockwell of the American Nazi Party and his allies spurned him and called him a “neo-Strasserist,” due to his idea of an alliance between the Left and the Right and working with anti-Zionist Communists. With support of a number of members within the Union Movement, Yockey had confronted Mosley’s pro-American and anti-Soviet leanings. Yockey had a negative perception of the United States, which he considered a “bastardized colony of Europe which had devolved from the influence of non-European minorities” and had “come under Jewish control.” Therefore, Yockey was more inclined to the Soviet Union, which he considered less destructive than American capitalism for European culture.[15] The FBI characterized this change in ideological direction as “a new political movement with an Eastern orientation—advocating Neutralism and extremist anti-American activity.”[16] Hockey was also collaborating with Soviet bloc spy agencies. During the 1950s, he became a paid courier for the Czech secret service, which functioned as an arm of the KGB.[17]

By fusing anti-Semitism with anti-Americanism, Yockey identified the United States rather than Russia as Europe’s main enemy. Unlike most European and American neo-Fascists who advocated an alliance with the United States against Communism, Yockey spent the rest of his life attempting to forge an alliance between the worldwide forces of Communism and the international network of the extreme Right. Yockey believed that true Rightists should aid the spread of Communism and Third World anti-colonial movements wherever possible, with an aim toward weakening or overthrowing the United States.

Some US media, especially The Reporter, which ran several articles on the subject, suspected collusion between the Soviets and American and German fascists in condemning US occupation policies.[18] The terminology and thinking of Yockey, Fred Weiss and H. Keith Thompson is almost indistinguishable.[19] In concluding his series for Expose, detailing his life as an “American Fascist,” Thompson outlined his “world-outlook.” Under the influence of Oswald Spengler, Thompson referred to Bolshevik Russia as the leader of a world race war that augmented the Marxist class war. The theme reflected the ideology developed from Weiss, articulated by Yockey, and continued into the 1970s by the newspaper Common Sense and the National Renaissance Party (NRP). In fact, Weiss had stated, according to the FBI report on the NRP, that German Nationalists were all working for “a united Germany under Soviet domination.”[20] The theme in support of Russia had been developed in detail in mid-1955 by Weiss and Thompson, in a four-part series of articles entitled “Russia” published by Weiss’s Le Blanc Publishers, and distributed through the NRP with Weiss’s funding.[21]

Following the triumph of Stalin over Trotsky, whom they saw as the leader of the “Jewish internationalist faction,” Madole declared Communism a version of Russian nationalism. Thus, what fascists considered to be “Jewish Bolshevism” was transformed into National Bolshevism. The NRP itself started praising the Soviet Union and had portraits of Hitler and Stalin on its wall, attracting both Communists and Nazis, and a number of American fascists started praising the Soviet Union.[22]

In 1960, Joseph P. Kamp, a member of the advisory board of the Liberty Lobby, wrote Bigots Behind the Swastika Spree where he reported that Madole’s NRP was initially funded by Vladimir Stepankowsky, who was both a Soviet agent as well as a long-time communist agent and an agent for the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Working with Stepankowsky to set up Madole and the NRP were Gordon Hall, a.k.a. Walker and Charles R. Allen Jr. Hall, who worked for the Friends of Democracy, at the time a division of the ADL.[23]

Jeune Europe

Although it spread rapidly among American neo-Nazis, especially the National Renaissance Party, Francis Parker Yockey’s view of the USSR as a neo-fascist ally capable of confronting the Zionist control of the West was very little known in France.[24] Yockey’s pro-Russian stance finally appeared in an amalgam that developed among the Nouvelle Droite of GRECE, revolutionary nationalism, and the national communitarianism of GRECE member Jean-Francois Thiriart (1922 – 1992).[25] Thiriart, a Belgian politician associated with neo-fascist and neo-Nazi groups, expressed pro-Soviet views similar to Francis Parker Yockey, though he himself had never apparently known or read Yockey. During the war, Thiriart served in the Waffen SS, and later served time in prison for his collaboration. In 1960, Thiriart founded a group called Mouvement d’Action Civique (“Movement for Civil Action”) to resist the liberation of Congo, and later admitted to giving refuge to paramilitary OAS soldiers when they returned to Europe from fighting against the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN). He also published their communiqués in his weekly, La Nation Européenne, an organ inspired by Yockey’s Imperium.[26]

In the 1960s, Thiriart rejected his Nazi past and promoted pan-European ideas founding Jeune Europe, a name taken after Mazzini’s Young Europe. Thiriart was the principle agent of the OAS in Belgium, for which he used Jeune Europe to mobilize support for.[27] Although Thiriart publicly disavowed fascism, the movement’s eponymous magazine adopted the Celtic cross as its emblem and advertised the activities of Hans-Ulrich Rudel.[28] The group also maintained links with the network of former SS officers associated with the magazine Nation Europa.[29]

In 1962, the Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP) took part in an international conference hosted in Venice by Mosley’s Union Movement, MSI, Jeune Europe, and the Mouvement d’Action Civique, formed the National Party of Europe (NPE), and Otto Strasser, to co-ordinate the growth in pan-European nationalism. This initiative did not take off as Mosley had hoped, however, as few of the member parties, including the DRP, were interested in changing their name to National Party of Europe, as he had hoped they would.[30]

Thiriart met with leading figures of the Fascist International, including Skorzeny, whom he often visited in Spain. Skorzeny introduced Thiriart to Juan Peron, the deposed leader of Argentina, after which they become close friends.[31] According to Jon B. Perdue, Peron’s friendship with Skorzeny and Thiriart “resulted in Peron’s eclectic ideology, which incorporated the elements of fascism and socialism that characterized his second tenure as president.”[32] Peron defined the international position, known as Peronism, as a “Third Position,” between capitalism and communism, a stance which became a precedent of the Non-Aligned Movement. The term “Third Position” was coined in Europe and its main precursors were National Bolshevism and Strasserism. The MSI’s European Social Movement is known today as the “second position.” Third Position represented a brand of politics that purports to be “beyond left and right,” while syncretizing ideas from each end of the political spectrum, usually reactionary right-wing cultural views and radical left-wing economic views. In the 1960s and 1970s, Thiriart called for a single European empire, inclusive of the Soviet Union. He supported Muammar Qaddafi’s ideas of nationalist direct democracy and Fidel Castro’s revolutionary strategies. In general, explained Alexander Reid Ross, the Nazi-Maoist ideology remained grounded in the “guerilla war” tactics of the OAS.[33]

G.R.E.C.E.

Armin Mohler, Ersnt Jünger’s secretary, was one of the first German publishers to write about his close friend Alain de Benoist, the founder of the French Nouvelle Droite. Mohler, who is often considered a central intellectual figure of the post war extreme Right in Germany, was a leading figure of the German Neue Rechte, which was founded as an opposition to the New Left generation of the 1960s, was Armin Mohler was also press secretary for Martin Heidegger.[34] Mohler also maintained extensive correspondence with Carl Schmitt.[35] In a letter dated December 15, 1951, Evola wrote to Schmitt claiming he got his address from Mohler.[36] An important scholar on the German Conservative Revolution, Mohler was responsible for popularizing that term, in Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland 1918-1932: Ein Handbuch, this PhD dissertation published in 1949 under the supervision of Karl Jaspers, who between 1945 and 1948 became the most important intellectual in occupied Germany.[37]

Raymond Abellio, the Priory of Sion mythos-maker, was regarded as the “Gnostic” inspiration of the Nouvelle Droite.[38] A pro-Russia stance was not initially evident in the Nouvelle Droite, until a shift began with the participation of Abellio’s protégée Jean Parvulesco, who probably not coincidentally, was a Romanian.[39] Parvulesco, who was also associated with the OAS, was also a follower of the Traditionalism of René Guénon, had also been in contact with Martin Heidegger, Ezra Pound, Julius Evola, Otto Skorzeny and Arno Breker.[40]

The leading organization of the Nouvelle Droite was known as GRECE, the Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne (“Research and Study Group for European Civilization”), founded by de Benoist and others who belonged WUNS.[41] Robert Dun, a former Waffen-SS Frenchman, former member of WUNS and a founding member of GRECE, expressed views sympathetic to Yockey, in writing in the magazine of the National Socialist Proletarian Parti, where he praised the “Russo-Aryan” Soviet Union and called for the establishment of a “federation of ethnic nations” opening the way to an “Aryan world state.”[42] Although unknown to the general public, it was Dun’s interest in Yockey that influenced the racialist thinking of the Nouvelle Droite.[43]

Alain de Benoist, a former supporter of the OAS, confessed that he conceived of GRECE as a synthesis of the Frankfurt School, the Action française and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).[44] De Benoist had also wrote a book about the Action française and its founder, Charles Maurras. However, de Benoist boasted, “I have never been the disciple of just one man.”[45] He lists his many influences including, in philosophy, Herder, Nietzsche, Husserl and Heidegger; authors like Arthur Koestler whom he met many times in London; the sociologists of the French school like Marcel Mauss; in religious myth from Eliade, Jung and Levi-Strauss; French socialists like Georges Sorel and Proudhon; the non-conformists like Alexandre Marc and Georges Bataille; authors of the Conservative Revolution like Moeller van der Bruck, Oswald Spengler and Ernst Jünger; and finally the Situationists and the Post-modernists.[46]

According to Tamir Bar-On, the arguments and the positions of the Nouvelle Droite cannot be easily positioned in the traditional left-right dichotomy, noting that it is some sort of ideological synthesis of ideas of the German Conservative Revolution, including the National Bolshevism and the New Left.[47] The Nouvelle Droite borrowed heavily from the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci, a friend of Georg Lukács. Among the other Marxist thinkers whose work influenced the Nouvelle Droite have been Frankfurt School intellectuals Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, and Neo-Marxists like Louis Althusser and Herbert Marcuse.[48] In addition, de Benoist was influenced by Louis Rougier, the Vichy collaborator and friend of Walter Lippmann who organized the Walter Lippman Colloquium which inspired the founding of the Mont Pelerin Society. Rougier’s long-standing opposition to Christianity aligned closely with de Benoist views of his movement GRECE.[49]

In support of their positions in favor of hierarchy and authority, the writings of Michel Foucault’s mentor Dumézil are quoted by de Benoist and Roger Pearson.[50] Dumézil, a French comparative philologist best known for his analysis of sovereignty and power in Proto-Indo-European religion and society, who has been criticized for his fascist politics. In the 1930s, Dumézil supported the Action française and held Benito Mussolini in high regard.[51] Among his “closest colleagues” were Otto Höfler, who was in the SS-Ahnenerbe, Nazi collaborator Jan de Vries, and Stig Wikander, who had an ambiguous relation to Nazism. Scholars Arnaldo Momigliano, Carlo Ginzburg and Bruce Lincoln argue that Dumézil was in favor of a traditional hierarchical order in Europe, that his interest in Indo-European heritage may be related to Italian and French fascist ideas and that he was in favor of French fascism.[52] Dumézil was named a professor at the Collège de France in 1949, and was finally elected to the Académie française in 1978 thanks to the patronage of his colleague and fellow student of myth, Claude Lévi-Strauss, who developed the theory of the “incest taboo.” Lévi-Strauss was also a friend of Raymond Abellio.[53]

Le Figaro

The French weekly Le Figaro Magazine would become one of the main means of dissemination of the ideas of the Nouvelle Droite, including GRECE member Patrice de Plunkett as deputy chief editor, as well as de Benoist.[54] Le Figaro was bought in 1922 by was a French perfumer and businessman François Coty (1874 – 1934), who had financially supported the Croix-de-Feu and Action française.[55] Coty was a founder of the fascist league Solidarité Française. When it was dissolved by the Popular Front government of Léon Blum in 1936, many of its members subsequently joined Jacques Doriot’s fascist Parti Populaire Français (PPF), which was funded by the Rothschild and Lazard banks and by the synarchist Banque Worms.[56]

In 1975, Le Figaro was bought by Socpresse, a French corporation which controlled Robert Hersant (1920 – 1996). As a youth, Hersant had been a member of the secretariat general de la jeunesse of the Vichy Regime. He was tried in 1947 and sentenced to ten years for collaboration with Nazi Germany. In 1952, however, he benefited from the general amnesty.

In September 1977, GRECE member Louis Pauwels entered the cultural services of Le Figaro, and became in October 1978 the director of the newly created weekly Le Figaro Magazine. It was Pauwels who introduced Isodore Isou and Maurice Lemaitre, another leading member of the Lettrism movement, to each other.[57] In 1948, like synarchist Raymond Abellio, Pawels had been on the editorial board of Paul Le Cour’s Atlantis magazine. Pauwels joined the work groups of G.I. Gurdjieff for fifteen months, until he became editor-in-chief of Combat in 1949 and editor of the newspaper Paris-Presse.

Combat was a French newspaper created in 1941, during World War II, as a clandestine newspaper of the Resistance. Among its leading contributors were leading Non-Conformists synarchists like Emmanuel Mounier of Esprit and Robert Aron of Ordre Nouveau. Jean-Paul Sartre as well as a contributor, and from 1943 to 1947, its editor-in-chief was Albert Camus. Combat also shared an office with L’Esprit Public of Roland Laudenbach, a periodical that served as the voice for the OAS. Combat published many of Parvulesco’s articles.[58]

Pauwels directed the Bibliothèque Mondiale (“Worldwide Library”) (the precursor of “Livre de Poche” [“Pocket Books”]), Carrefour (“Intersection”), the monthly women’s Marie Claire and the magazine Arts et Culture in 1952. In 1954, while he was the literary director of Bibliothèque Mondiale, Pauwels met Jacques Bergier, a former member of the French Resistance, spy, journalist and writer. And according to Pauwels, it was Andre Breton who was responsible for bringing them together, and who influenced their interest in “Fantastic Realism.” [59] Bergier was born Yakov Mikhailovich Berger, in Odessa in 1912. His father was a Jewish wholesale grocer and his mother, Etlia Krzeminiecka, was a former revolutionary. A grand-uncle of his was a miraculous rabbi and in his autobiography, Je ne suis pas une légende, Bergier says he was a cousin of nuclear physicist George Gamow and of a certain Anatoly, a member of the firing squad that shot Tsar Nicholas II. Bergier was a gifted child who could easily read Russian, French and Hebrew at the age of four. In 1920 the Russian Civil War forced his family to move to Northwestern Ukraine, where he went to a Talmudic school and became interested in the study of the Kabbalah. According to Walter Lang, Bergier was approached by Fulcanelli with a message for Helbronner about man’s possible use of nuclear weapons.[60] Bergier also asserted throughout his life that he had been a correspondent of H.P. Lovecraft.[61] Bergier is considered by many scholars of the subject to be the one responsible for introducing Lovecraft’s work in France.[62]

In particular, Bergier claims that, in return for certain important services rendered during World War II, he was given the rare privilege after the war by all the governments who had fought against Hitler to consult their “file and forget” (FF) files, being documents about unexplained phenomena. These provided the material for The Morning of the Magicians, which he co-wrote with Pauwels, and which was first published in 1960. The book became a best seller, first in French, and was then translated into English in 1963 as The Dawn of Magic, and in 1964 released in the United States as The Morning of the Magicians, in 1968 in paperback by Avon Books. Avon also published H.P. Lovecraft, Robert E. Howard, The Necronomicon (reportedly by Peter Levenda) and a number of comics and pulp books. Avon was bought by the Hearst Corporation in 1959. In 1968, Avon editor Peter Mayer asked Anton LaVey to write The Satanic Bible, which was published by Avon in 1969.[63]

According to Gary Lachman, “A bestseller on both sides of the Atlantic and Channel, The Morning of the Magicians sparked the mass interest in ‘all things occultly marvellous’ that characterized the time and influenced some of the leading figures in popular culture.”[64] In a generalized and wide ranging overview of the occult or paranormal, the book presents a collection of “raw material for speculation of the most outlandish order,” discussing conspiracy theories, ancient prophecies, alchemy, a giant race that once ruled the Earth, and the Nazca Lines. It also includes speculations on topics such as German occultism and supernatural phenomena and claims that the Vril Society and the Thule Society were the philosophical precursors to the Nazi party.

Bergier and Pauwels also created Planète, a French fantastic realism magazine, launched the year after the Morning of the Magicians, running from 1961 to 1972. Mark Sedgwick has pointed out that Pauwels “was responsible for spreading simplified Traditionalism throughout Latin Europe,” as his journal Planète achieved a wide circulation of as many as 100,000 copies within its first few months, featuring Guénon as the centerpiece of its second issue.[65] Philosophers, sociologists, and writers, such as Mircea Eliade, Edgar Morin, Odile Passeron, Jean-Bruno Renard, Umberto Eco, and Jean d’Ormesson, considered this the leading phenomenon of the Sixties.

De Benoist was a very close friend of Gabriel Matzneff, a French author and notorious pedophile, who was a regular contributor to Combat and also wrote for Le Figaro. Matzneff came from a family of Russian noble émigrés who came to France after the revolution of 1917. He was also a close friend of Francois Mitterrand, who wrote an article to attest to their friendship during his presidency.[66] In 1974, Matzneff published an essay entitled Les Moins de Sixteen (The Under-Sixteen), in which he revealed his taste for “young people,” and minors of both sexes. Matzneff claims for himself the description of “pederast,” and “lover of children.” He also denounced the fact that the “erotic charm of the young boy” was denied by modern Western society “which relegates the pederast to non-being, the realm of shadows.”[67]

Nouvelle École

GRECE had a specific interest in Germanic and Nordic neopaganism, and whose leaders called for fidelity to the “white Aryan ideal” and the formation of an “International of the white race” to “reassert the place of the white man in the world.”[68] Some of the prominent names that have collaborated with GRECE include Arthur Koestler, Hans Eysenck, Konrad Lorenz, Mircea Eliade, Jeune Europe founder Jean-Francois Thiriart, Thierry Maulnier and Anthony Burgess, author of A Clockwork Orange. In 1976, Koestler, who had been an active agent of the CIA, working closely with Bill Donavan and later Allen Dulles, and a core founder of the CIA-front, the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), published The Thirteenth Tribe, to prove that the bulk of Eastern European Jews were descended from the Khazars. Although Koestler apparently wrote the book with the hope that he could demolish the racial basis of anti-Semitism, the book was widely used by anti-Semites who attempted to demonstrate that the European Jews were imposters.[69]

Koestler, like Raymond Abellio, was part of the patronage committee of GRECE journal Nouvelle Ecole[70] The title of the publication, according to de Benoist, was a reference to Georges Sorel and his “Nouvelle Ecole” of revolutionary syndicalism.[71] From the beginning, GRECE and Nouvelle Ecole were allied to the Northern League and Mankind Quarterly, whose editor was Roger Pearson.[72] The American representative of Nouvelle Ecole was Donald Swann, a friend of H. Keith Thompson. While working with Swann, Pearson founded the Journal of Indo-European Studies, which would become the most important journal of Indo-European linguistics published in the United States.[73] De Benoist regarded Christianity as an alien religion forced upon the Indo-European people. GRECE distinguishes itself from other traditionalist conservative organizations in displaying specific interest for Germanic and Nordic cultures, rejection of Christianity and monotheism, and advocating neopaganism.

One of the co-founders of Nouvelle Ecole was Marija Gimbutas, and Ur Group member Mircae Eliade belonged to the advisory board.[74] Gimbutas (1921 – 1994) was a Lithuanian-American archaeologist and anthropologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of “Old Europe” and for her Kurgan hypothesis, the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic Steppe. The main competitor of Gimbutas’ Kurgan hypothesis is the Anatolian hypothesis put forward by fellow GRECE member Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, (b. 1937) is a British archaeologist, paleolinguist and Conservative peer noted for his work on the prehistory of languages. Renfrew was formerly the Disney Professor of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and is now a Senior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. He developed the Anatolian hypothesis, contradicting Gimbutas' hypothesis, arguing that Proto-Indo-European, the purported ancestor of the Indo-European (Aryan) languages, originated approximately 9,000 years ago in Anatolia and moved with the spread of farming throughout the Mediterranean and into central and northern Europe.

The Austrian scientist Konrad Lorenz (1903 – 1989), a friend and student of Aldous Huxley’s brother and eugenicist Julian Huxley, also belonged to the Nouvelle Ecole. His Lorenz's work was interrupted by the onset of World War II and in 1941 he was recruited by the Nazis as a medic. After the war, he apparently regretted his membership of the Nazi Party.[75] Lorenz wrote numerous books, some of which, such as King Solomon’s Ring, On Aggression, and Man Meets Dog, became popular reading. King Solomon’s Ring refers to the legendary Seal of Solomon that supposedly gave Solomon the power to speak to animals, an ability that Lorenz claimed to have achieved as well. According to Lorenz, animals, particularly males, are biologically programmed to fight over resources. As he writes in the prologue of On Aggression (German: Das sogenannte Böse. Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression, “So-called Evil: on the natural history of aggression”), “the subject of this book is aggression, that is to say the fighting instinct in beast and man which is directed against members of the same species.” Lorenz and Karl Popper, who was a childhood friend, wrote together a book titled Die Zukunft ist offen (“The Future of Open”). Lorenz shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine “for discoveries in individual and social behavior patterns” with two other important early ethologists, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch.

Thule-Seminar

The Nouvelle Droite later spread to other countries, gaining a strong foothold in continental Europe, especially in Germany, where Pierre Krebs lead the organization Thule-Seminar, promoting right-wing identity-politics based on the supposed cultural and historical roots of the Indo-Europeans.[76] As emblems, it uses the Black Sun, as well as the combined Tiwaz rune and Sig rune. Its ideology has been described as based on the Conservative Revolution and including elements of anti-Americanism, anti-Zionism and being close to apartheid.[77]

The first publication of the Thule-Seminar was Krebs’ Das unvergängliche Erbe (“The Everlasting Heritage”), which featured a preface by MK-Ultra doctor Dr. Hans J. Eysenck (1916 – 77). During the 1960s, Eysenck was Director of MK-Ultra Subproject 111 at the Institute of Psychiatry (IoP) at Maudsley Hospital in London, the staging ground for MK-Ultra in Europe and Africa, perhaps Australia as well.[78] From the 1950s to the 1980s, Eysenck was perhaps the best-known psychologist in the UK. His popular psychology texts were standard reading for trainee social workers and teachers and helped shape school and university syllabuses. Eysenck was Professor of Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, from 1955 to 1983. Eysenck was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto, along with Julian Huxley, Betty Friedan, Isaac Asimov, Sidney Hook, and B.F. Skinner, among others. Eysenck's work has undergone reevaluation since he died in 1997. In 2019, 26 of his papers were “considered unsafe” by an enquiry on behalf of King’s College London.[79]

Eysenck advocated a strong influence from genetics and race on IQ differences, and some of his later work was funded by the Pioneer Fund.[80] One of Eysenck’s students was the controversial Arthur Jensen (1923 – 2012), largely for his conclusions regarding the causes of race-based differences in intelligence. “Jensenism,” a term coined by New York Times writer Lee Edson, after Jensen, was originally defined as “the theory that IQ is largely determined by the genes.” The term was coined after Jensen published the article “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” in the Harvard Educational Review in 1969. Jensen received $1.1 million from the Pioneer Fund.[81]

In 1970, when the Cambridge group from the British Society for Social Responsibility organized a public debate with Jensen, challenging his claim that black people were genetically inferior to whites in IQ, Eysenck supported Jensen and published a response titled Race, Intelligence and Education. As a result, Eysenck was quickly heralded as a hero and “new Galileo” by the right and such neo-Nazi groups. Eysenck’s books appeared on the UK National Front’s list of recommended readings and an interview with Eysenck was published by National Front’s Beacon (1977). Eysenck had articles published in the German right-wing newspaper National-Zeitung and Nation Europa, which both also featured contributions by Armin Mohler. Eysenck wrote the preface to a Pierre Krebs, Das unvergängliche Erbe (“The Everlasting Heritage”), that was published by Krebs’ Thule-Seminar, the German branch of GRECE. Linguist Siegfried Jäger interpreted the preface to Krebs’ book as having “railed against the equality of people, presenting it as an untenable ideological doctrine.”[82] Eysenck also wrote an introduction for Roger Pearson’s Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe. Eysenck’s book The Inequality of Man and Race and Intelligence and Education were translated and published by GRECE's publishing house, Corpernicus. In 1974, Eysenck became a member of the academic advisory council of Mankind Quarterly and a member of the comité de patronage of GRECE’s Nouvelle École.[83]

Avalon Gemeinschaft

De Benoist, whose thesis of an anti-American German-Soviet rapprochement mirrored the views of exemplars of the German Conservative Revolution, such as his personal friend Armin Mohler. Third Position politics saw the United States and liberal capitalism as the primary enemy, seeking an alliance with the Soviet Union, and promoting solidarity with Communist revolutionary movements in the Third World, including Asia and Latin America, and Arab opponents of Israel.[84] With a policy that was both Anti-American and Anti-Soviet, Thiriart sought to support radical revolutionaries in Latin America, Black Power movements in the United States and served as an adviser to Fatah of the PLO in the 1970s. Former GRECE secretary-general Pierre Vial praised Che Guevara, the Italian Red Brigades and the German Red Army Faction for their willingness to die fighting against capitalist liberal democracy.[85]

A strong supporter of the Third Position through an alliance with Islamic extremist was neo-Nazi Ahmed Huber, a friend of Francois Genoud.[86] A former journalist who supposedly converted to Islam, changing his name from Albert, Huber was a well-known figure in European neo-fascist circles. But Huber is also a member of a group composed of former SS veterans calling itself Avalon Gemeinschaft, which claims to be based on the “great Celtic tradition,” and at every solstice he meets under the moon in a forest grove with a few hundred European Druids, with whom he is preparing the “end of our decline.” And with the Thule Society, he also works for the restoration of “greater Germany.”[87] Avalon’s founders also embraced the jargon of the “Nouvelle Droite” associated with Alain de Benoist’s GRECE, and GRECE’s German counterpart, Pierre Krebs‚ Thule Seminar.[88]

Essentially, Huber “sees himself as a mediator between Islam and right-wing groups,” according to Germany’s Office for the Protection of the Constitution.[89] Huber explained to his fellow Europeans that their “enemies are not the Turks, but rather the American and German politicians with an American ‘brain’.” Huber hoped to establish an alliance between the anti-immigration European right and the Islamists based on the understanding that Muslim emigration to the West would end once Islamist parties took power. Huber’s views were strongly influenced by his meeting in 1965 with Mufti al Husseini. Huber had also forged close ties to the Iranian Revolution and the Ayatollah Khomeini, whom he regarded as “a fantastic man.”[90]

Huber was also influenced as well by another former Nazi convert to Islam, Johann von Leers, and who had worked with Skorzeny managing anti-Israeli propaganda in Egypt.[91] Von Leers was welcomed in Egypt by al-Husseini and he became the political adviser to the Information Department under Gamal Abdel Nasser.[92] Huber served on the board of Nada Management, founded by Youssef Nada, a naturalized Italian and a member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and Gama al Islamiya. As a young man, he had joined the armed branch of the “secret apparatus” of the Muslim Brotherhood, and then was recruited by German military intelligence. When Grand Mufti el-Husseini had to flee Germany in 1945, as the Nazi defeat loomed, Nada is rumored to have been personally involved in arranging through the SS his escape via Switzerland back to Egypt and then Palestine.[93] Nada served as president of Al Taqwa, a bank which had been channeling funds to Muslim extremist organizations around the world, which included Hamas in Palestine. Hamas, another important faction of the Muslim Brotherhood, was created by the Mossad, the Israeli secret service. The Mossad, like many other Western intelligence services, also maintained a long-standing relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. According to Robert Dreyfuss, in Devil’s Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam: “And beginning in 1967 through the late 1980s, Israel helped the Muslim Brotherhood establish itself in the occupied territories. It assisted Ahmed Yassin, the leader of the Brotherhood, in creating Hamas, betting that its Islamist character would weaken the PLO.”[94]

Huber also claimed to have met with Belgian Waffen SS leader Léon Degrelle, the founder of Rexism—a Catholic collaborationist Belgian movement—and a top leader of the postwar right.[95] After the collapse of the Nazi regime, Degrelle went into exile in Francoist Spain where he remained a prominent figure in neo-Nazi politics. Degrelle had been brought to Madrid by Skorzeny who made him his chief aide. Degrelle became a great organizer of rapprochement between Palestinian groups and neo-Nazis between the years of 1950 to 1980.[96] While in Francoist Spain, Degrelle maintained a high standard of living and frequently appeared in public and private meetings in a white uniform featuring his German decorations. Ex-Flemish SS, leaders of the Vlaamse militanten orde (VMO), the main Flemish neo-Nazi action group in the 1970s and 1980s, the Vlaams Blok/Belang (VB) and other nationalist organizations visited Degrelle in Spain.[97]

Degrelle became active in the Spanish Neo-Nazi Círculo Español de Amigos de Europa (CEDADE) and ran its printing press in Barcelona. CEDADE, which was founded in 1966 under Franco’s rule and ostensibly as a society for the appreciation of Richard Wagner, was influenced by Skorzeny, who was a founding member.[98] Among those associated with the group was Klaus Georg Barbie, the son of Klaus Barbie.[99] Using the name Ediciones Wotan, it published works by Degrelle and Francis Parker Yockey and collaborated closely with the Liberty Lobby in the United States.[100] By the mid-1980s, the SD Group, the so-called “elite group” within CEDADE embraced “esoteric Hitlerism” and started publishing by Miguel Serrano in its journal Excalibur. At the end of the 1980s, most of the SD Group left CEDADE and formed the Society of the Thule Group, which promoted the Esoteric Hitlerism of Serrano and Savitri Devi.[101] In the beginning of the 1990s, the Thule Group began publishing a journal entitled Hiperbórea.[102]

Front national

Ahmed Huber also organized a meeting between a close friend of Leon Degrelle, Jean-Marie Le Pen of the Front Nationale (FN), and Huber’s close friend Necmettin Erbakan, the head of the now banned Turkish Islamist party Refah (Welfare), to develop a joint position on immigration.[103] GRECE lost most of its membership and popularity in the late 1990s, after its key ideologues on ethics matters defected to the FN, founded by Le Pen in 1972.[104] According to Tamir Bar-On, GRECE’s ideas on race, culture and immigration had a major impact on the ideology of the entire right, and particularly the FN.[105]

One of the primary progenitors of the FN was the synarchist publication Action Française, with which Le Pen has been associated.[106] The FN was founded in 1972 by Ordre nouveau (ON), a far-right movement created in 1969. While the ON had competed in some local elections since 1970, at its second congress in June 1972 it decided to establish a new political party to contest the 1973 legislative elections. In order to create a broad movement, the ON sought to model the new party on the more established Italian Social Movement (MSI), which at the time appeared to establish a broad coalition for the Italian right. The FN adopted a French version of the MSI tricolor flame as its logo.[107]

Le Pen founded the FN along with former OAS member Jacques Bompard, former Collaborationist Roland Gaucher and others supporters of Vichy France, neo-Nazi pagans, and Traditionalist Catholics.[108] Another conflict that is part of the party’s background was the Algerian War (many National Front members, including Le Pen, were directly involved in the war), and the right-wing dismay over the decision by French President Charles de Gaulle to abandon his promise of holding on to French Algeria.[109] Criticizing immigration and taking advantage of the economic crisis striking France and the world since the 1973 oil crisis, Le Pen’s party managed to increase its support in the 1980s.

Le Pen had been influenced by the journal Combat of the British National Party (BNP). In 1967, BNP and the League of Empire Loyalists (LEL) had come together to form the National Front (NF). John Tyndall, the former deputy to Colin Jordan of the neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement (NSM), who corresponded with Savitri Devi, became the NF’s chairman in 1972, until the party’s base of support was weakened when Margaret Thatcher adopted their anti-immigration rhetoric.

Degrelle claimed Le Pen was a “close friend,” and Front National representatives often met with him in Francoist Spain.[110] When asked what Le Pen might think of Hitler, he said, “I think he likes him very much.”[111] Until his death, Traditionalist Catholic Marcel Lefebvre was a supporter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and the Front Nationale.[112] In 1989, it was discovered that for sixteen years his followers had been harboring Paul Touvier, indicted for his central role in the deportation of the Jews of Lyons to German death camps. Just before his death in March 1988, Lefebvre was fined eight thousand francs by the Court of Appeal in Paris for “racial defamation” and “incitement to racial hatred,” for suggesting publicly that immigrants, beginning with Muslims, should be expelled from Europe.[113]

[1] Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. Hitler’s Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism (New York: New York University Press, 1998), p. 103.

[2] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, pp. 101–102.

[3] Ibid., p. 102.

[4] Tucker. The Funding of Scientific Racism, p. 161.

[5] Richard Thurlow. Fascism in Britain A History, 1918-1985 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p. 269.

[6] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 37.

[7] Fred P. Graham. “Rockwell, U.S. Nazi, Slain; Ex-Aide Is Held as Sniper.” The New York Times (August 26, 1967).

[8] Nicola Lebourg. “The French Far Right in Russia’s Orbit.” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (May 15, 2018).

[9] Tamir Bar-On. Where Have All The Fascists Gone? (Routledge, 2016). p. 340.

[10] Spencer Sunshine. “Rebranding Fascism: National-Anarchists” Political Research Associates (January 28, 2008).

[11] Nicola Lebourg. “The French Far Right in Russia’s Orbit.” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (May 15, 2018).

[12] Lee. The Beast Reawakens, p. 58.

[13] Kerry Bolton. “H. Keith Thompson Jr.” Inconvenient History, 6(2), 2014.

[14] Ibid.

[15] ARoamingVagabond. “An Investigation Into Red-Brown Alliances: Third Positionism, Russia, Ukraine, Syria, And The Western Left.” Ravings Of A Radical Vagabond (January 15, 2018).

[16] Bolton. Varange.

[17] Lee. The Best Rewakens, p. 106.

[18] Edmond Taylor. “Germany: Where Fascism and Communism Meet,” The Reporter (April 13, 1954), p. 10.

[19] Kerry Bolton. “H. Keith Thompson Jr.” Inconvenient History, 6(2), 2014.

[20] FBI report on NRP (February 29, 1956).

[21] Bolton. “H. Keith Thompson Jr.”

[22] ARoamingVagabond. “An Investigation Into Red-Brown Alliances.”

[23] Kerry Bolton. “The Symbiosis Between Anti-Semitism and Zionism.” Foreign Policy Journal (November 1, 2010).

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Alexander Reid Ross. Against the Fascist Creep (AK Press, 2017).

[27] Coogan. Dreamer of the Day, p. 541.

[28] Lee. The Beast Reawakens, p. 170.

[29] S.J. Woolf. Fascism in Europe (Methuen, 1981), p. 361.

[30] Richard Thurlow. Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-1985 (Basil Blackwell, 1987), p. 247.

[31] Coogan. Dreamer of the Day, p. 544; Lee. The Beast Reawakens, p. 169.

[32] Jon B. Perdue. The War of All the People: The Nexus of Latin American Radicalism and Middle Eastern Terrorism (Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, 2012) p. 77.

[33] Alexander Reid Ross. Against the Fascist Creep (AK Press, 2017).

[34] Ibid.

[35] Jacob Taubes. To Carl Schmitt: Letters and Reflections (Columbia University Press, 2013).

[36] Horst Junginger. The Study of Religion Under the Impact of Fascism (Leiden: Brill, 2008), p. 307.

[37] Mark W. Clark. “A Prophet without Honour: Karl Jaspers in Germany, 1945-48.” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 37, No. 2 (April, 2002), pp. 197-222.

[38] Bar-On. “The Ambiguities of the Nouvelle Droite, 1968–1999,” pp. 333–351, 2001.

[39] Nicola Lebourg. “The French Far Right in Russia’s Orbit.” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (May 15, 2018).

[40] Anonymous. “The Empire of the End: A Brief Introduction to Jean Parvulesco.” Counter Currents (October 23, 2012); Alexander Dugin. “The Great War of Continents” The Fourth Revolutionary War (February 10, 2016). Retrieved from https://4threvolutionarywar.wordpress.com/2016/02/10/the-great-war-of-continents-alexander-dugin/

[41] Nicola Lebourg. “The French Far Right in Russia’s Orbit.” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (May 15, 2018).

[42] Robert Dun. Les Castratrophe de la Libre Pensee (2004), p. 15; cited in Nicola Lebourg. “The French Far Right in Russia’s Orbit.” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (May 15, 2018).

[43] Nicola Lebourg. “The French Far Right in Russia’s Orbit.” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (May 15, 2018).

[44] Philippe Lamy (sous la dir. de Claude Dargent), Le Club de l’horloge (1974-2002) : évolution et mutation d'un laboratoire idéologique (thèse de doctorat en sociologie), Paris, université Paris-VIII, 2016, 701, p. 86, n. 1.

[45] Right Now! (1997); cited in Tamir Bar-On. Where Have All The Fascists Gone? (Routledge, 2016).

[46] Ibid.

[47] Tamir Bar-On. “The Ambiguities of the Nouvelle Droite, 1968-1999”. The European Legacy 6 (3) (2001): pp. 333–351.

[48] Ibid., p. 342.

[49] Pierre André Taguieff. Sur la Nouvelle Droite. Jalons d'une analyse critique (Paris, Éditions Descartes et Cie, 1994), p. 136.

[50] Bruce Lincoln. Theorizing Myth. Narrative, ideology, and scholarship (University of Chicago 1999). p. 139.

[51] Stefan Arvidsson. Aryan Idols. The Indo-European Mythology as Science and Ideology (University of Chicago Press, 2006). p. 3.

[52] Ibid., p. 241 ff., p. 306.

[53] Philip Coppens. “Raymond Abellio: A Modern Day Cathar?” New Dawn 110 (September-October 2008).

[54] “Nouvelle Droite.” World Heritage Encyclopedia.

[55] Eugen Weber (trans. Michel Chrestien), L’Action française [« Action française, Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth-Century France »], (Paris, Fayard, coll. « Nouvelles études historiques », 1985) (1re éd. 1965, Éditions Stock), p. 219.

[56] Ceci. “Une banque collaborationniste : la banque Worms.” Agora (October 30, 2007). Retrieved from

https://www.agoravox.fr/actualites/politique/article/une-banque-collaborationniste-la-30816

[57] Stewart Home. Mind Invaders (Bread and Circuses, 2016).

[58] “Le décès de Jean Parvulesco.” Le Magazine littéraire (novembre 23, 2010).

[59] Ibid.

[60] Neil Powell. Alchemy, the Ancient Science (Aldus Books Ltd, London, 1976), p. 53.

[61] Jason Colavito. “Establishing a Cthulhu-Ancient Astronaut Connection.” www.jasoncolavito.com (2012, updated 2014).

[62] T.D. Spaulding. “H.P. Lovecraft & The French Connection: Translation, Pulps and Literary History.” (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina - Columbia, 2015).

[63] Michael Aquino. The Church of Satan (Createspace, 2013), p. 69.

[64] Lachman. Turn Off Your Mind, p. 7.

[65] Sedgwick. Against the Modern World, 208.

[66] “Matzneff at the Elysee.” The Literary Leaf, (January 1989); Cited in Gabriel Matzneff, (Editions du Sandre, 2010), p. 258.

[67] Gabriel Matzneff. The Less than Sixteen, (Julliard, 1994 reissue), p. 21-25, 29.

[68] James Shields. The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 153, 104.

[69] Michael Scammell. Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic (Random House, 2009), p. 546.

[70] Bar-On. “The Ambiguities of the Nouvelle Droite, 1968–1999,” pp. 333–351, 2001.

[71] Philippe Lamy (sous la dir. de Claude Dargent), Le Club de l'horloge (1974-2002) : évolution et mutation d'un laboratoire idéologique (thèse de doctorat en sociologie), Paris, université Paris-VIII, 2016, 701, p. 120.

[72] M. Billig. Psychology, racism, and fascism. (Birmingham: A. F. & R./Searchlight, 1979).

[73] Coogan. Dreamer of the Day, p. 533.

[74] Ibid., pp. 533-534.

[75] Donald T. Campbell. “Reintroducing Konrad Lorenz to Psychology.” In Evans, R. I. (ed.). Konrad Lorenz: The Man and His Ideas (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), p. 106.

[76] Pierre Krebs. Mut zur Identitat: Alter nativ en zum Prinzip der Gleichheit (Stuckum: Thule Bibliothek, 1988).

[77] Cyprian Blamires. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006). pp. 665–666.

[78] “CIA funds research by Eysenck.” New Statesman (1979).

[79] Sarah Boseley. “Work of renowned UK psychologist Hans Eysenck ruled ‘unsafe’.” The Guardian (October 11, 2019).

[80] Tucker. The Funding of Scientific Racism.

[81] Miller Adam. “The Pioneer Fund: Bankrolling the Professors of Hate.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, Winter, 1994-1995 (6): 58–61.

[82] Siegfried Jäger & Jobst Paul [de]. Von Menschen und Schweinen. Der Singer-Diskurs und seine Funktion für den Neo-Rassismus (Duisburg: Diss-Texte, 1991), Nr. 13. p. 7-30.

[83] Michael Billig. Psychology, Racism, and Fascism (A. F. & R. Publications, 1979).

[84] Spencer Sunshine. “Rebranding Fascism: National-Anarchists” Political Research Associates (January 28, 2008).

[85] Bar-On. “The Ambiguities of the Nouvelle Droite, 1968-1999,” p. 343.

[86] “Group Forms Ties Between Islamic, Neo-Nazi Extremists.” CNN.com/Transcripts (Aired February 28, 2002).

[87] Labeviere. Dollars for Terror (New York: Algora Publishing. 2000), p. 143.

[88] Kerry Koogan. “Achmed Huber, The Avalon Gemeinschaft, and the Swiss ‘New Right’.” Spitfire List (May 1, 2002). Retrieved from: http://spitfirelist.com/news/achmed-huber-the-avalon-gemeinschaft-and-the-swiss-new-right/

[89] Martin A. Lee. “The Swastika & the Crescent,” Intelligence Report. Spring 2002, Issue 105.

[90] “Group Forms Ties Between Islamic, Neo-Nazi Extremists.” CNN.com/Transcripts (Aired February 28, 2002).

[91] “FTR #721 A Mosque in Munich,” Dave Emory. Spitfire List (August 30, 2010). Accessed 1 october 2011.

[92] “Who’s who in Nazi Germany,” Robert Solomon Wistrich (Psychology Press, 2002). p. 152-153.

[93] Richard Labeviere. Dollars for Terror. p. 143.

[94] Ibid., p. 191.

[95] Kevin Coogan. “The Mysteries Achmed Huber: Friend to Hitler, Allah… and Bin Laden.” Autonomedia (June 8, 2002). Retrieved from http://dev.autonomedia.org/node/998

[96] Alexandre del Valle. “The Reds, The Browns and the Greens or The Convergence of Totalitarianisms.” (December 5, 2004). Retrieved from https://www.alexandredelvalle.com/single-post/2004/12/06/The-Reds-The-Browns-and-the-Greens-or-The-Convergence-of-Totalitarianisms

[97] “Les fidèles adeptes du ‘degrellisme’ de 1945 à nos jours.” Resistance (April 3, 2009). Retrieved from http://www.resistances.be/unnaziwallon04.html

[98] Lee. The Beast Reawakens, p. 186.

[99] Geoffrey Harris. The Dark Side of Europe - The Extreme Right Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994), p. 130.

[100] Lee. The Beast Reawakens, p. 186.

[101] Anton Shekhovtsov. “Alexander Dugin and the West European New Right, 1989-1994.” In Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe-Russia Relationship (Lexington Books, 2015).

[102] Marlene Laruelle. “The Iuzhinskii Circle: Far-Right Metaphysics in the Soviet Underground and Its Legacy Today.” The Russian Review, 74 (2015): 563–580.

[103] Coogan. “The Mysteries Achmed Huber.”

[104] Jean-Yves Camus. “A Long-Lasting Friendship.” Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe–Russia Relationship, edited by Marlene Laruelle (Lexington Books, 2015), p. 90.

[105] Tamar Bar-On. “Great Britain.” World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006), p. 290.

[106] Alan John Day. Political parties of the world (University of Michigan, 2002). p. 193

[107] James Shields. The extreme right in France: from Pétain to Le Pen (Routledge 2007), pp. 159, 169.

[108] Le Pen. son univers impitoyable, (Radio France Internationale), (September 1, 2006).

[109] Edward G. DeClair. Politics on the fringe: the people, policies, and organization of the French National Front (Duke University, 1999), pp. 21–24.

[110] Lee. The Beast Reawakens, p. 368.

[111] “Le droit de savoir.” Télévision française 1 (1992). 4:44.

[112] Andrew Horn. “This religious sect is steeped in racism and hatred.” The Guardian (February 19, 2009).

[113] Kay Chadwick. Catholicism, Politics and Society in Twentieth-century France (Liverpool University Press, 2000). p. 274.

Volume Four

1. MK-Ultra

2. Council of Nine

3. Old Right

4. Novus Ordo Liberalism

5. In God We Trust

6. Fascist International

7. Red Scare

8. White Makes Right

9. JFK Assassination

10. The Civil Rights Movement

11. Golden Triangle

12. Crowleyanity

13. Counterculture

14. The summer of Love

15. The Esalen Institute

16. Ordo ab Discordia

17. Make Love, Not War

18. Chaos Magick

19. Nixon Years

20. Vatican II

21. Priory of Sion

22. Nouvelle Droite

23. Operation Gladio