Jerusalem Conference 

The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented under the Reagan Administration to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. The doctrine was an expansion of Carter’s policy in Afghanistan, devised by Zbigniew Brzezinski, to bankrupt the Soviet Union by arming Islamic rebels. Under Reagan, the Le Cercle-connected Heritage Foundation and other conservative foreign policy think tanks saw a political opportunity to transform the policy into a more global “doctrine,” involving American overt and covert support to anti-communist resistance movements in Soviet-allied nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. According to political analysts Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould, “it was the Heritage Foundation that translated theory into concrete policy. Heritage targeted nine nations for rollback: Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Iran, Laos, Libya, Nicaragua, and Vietnam.”[1]

The new strategy against the Soviet Union, which Reagan had characterized as the “evil empire,” was orchestrated by the neoconservatives, spearheaded by Michael Ledeen. According to Fred Landis, Ledeen was “the missing link of covert operations by Mossad in the U.S. during the Reagan administration.”[2] In 1981, fresh from his position as a leading conspirator in the Strategy of Tension in Italy and the Iran-Contra Affair, Ledeen began to serve as “anti-terrorism” advisor to Alexander Haig, now the new Secretary of State. Over the next several years, Ledeen would use his position as consultant to Haig, the Pentagon and the National Security Council under Ronald Reagan, to lead the neoconservatives in their attempt to demonstrate the notion of a global terrorist conspiracy based in the Kremlin, whose KGB pulled the strings of all of the world’s key terrorist groups, especially in the Middle East.

Along with Norman Podhoretz, Midge Decter, Ronald Rumsfeld and other neoconservatives, Ledeen was a member of a CIA front called the Committee for the Free World (CFW), founded in 1981, and which was connected to Le Cercle. [3] The CFW was formed to defend “the values, the achievements and the institutions of Western Civilization.”[4] Decter resigned from Basic Books to serve as Executive Director. Other members included neoconservatives Jeane Kirkpatrick, Irving Kristol, Melvin J. Lasky, Seymour M. Lipset, Saul Below, Jerzy Kosinski and the renowned scholar of Kabbalah and Sabbateanism, Gershom Scholem. Stephen Dorril notes that many of the founders of the CFW were involved in the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), citing the example of Sidney Hook, a founding member of the CFW.[5]

In the lead up to the 1980 elections, according to Fred Landis, Israel had already built up a significant influence in the CFW, the Committee on the Present Danger, the National Strategy Information Center (NSIC), and the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). These organizations went on to staff the Reagan transition teams for the CIA, NSC, Pentagon, and the State Department.[6] Several foundations that provided nearly half of the CFW’s seed money held close ties to the CIA, including the John M. Olin Foundation, the Smith Richardson Foundation, long time banker of the National Strategic Information Council (NSIC), the Heritage Foundation, and the Scaife Family charitable trusts.[7] The Smith Richardson Foundation had CIA officials among its consultants reviewing grants and provided management training to the CIA.[8] The CFW was also funded by ExxonMobil.[9]

According to Decter, the CFW originated at an Israeli government-sponsored conference on terrorism in 1979.[10] She was referring to the Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism at the Jerusalem Hilton Hotel, convened by the Jonathan Institute on July 2 to 5, 1979, and attended by leading members of Le Cercle and the CFR. The Jonathan Institute, which was essentially a Mossad front, was founded by Benjamin Netanyahu, and included Israeli President Ephraim Katzir, as well as former presidents Golda Meir and Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister Menahem Begin, Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan, former Minister of Defense Shimon Peres, and Minister of Defence Ezer Weizman.[11] Netanyahu named the institute after his brother Yonatan Netanyahu, who died leading Operation Entebbe, a counter-terrorist operation carried out by the IDF at Entebbe Airport in Uganda on 4 July 1976, against a hijacking performed by the PFLP under orders of Wadie Haddad and members of the German Revolutionary Cells.

Netanyahu’s grandfather was Rabbi Nathan Mileikowsky (1879 – 1935), a distant relative of the Gaon of Vilna (1720 – 1797), who had lent his support to the Sabbatean rabbi Jonathan Eybeschütz.[12] Mileikowsky was affiliated with the Revisionist movement, developed by Ze’ev Jabotinsky, who advocated a “revision” of the “practical Zionism” of David Ben-Gurion and Chaim Weizmann which was focused on independent individuals settling the Land of Israel. Revisionists had a vision of occupying Greater Israel, which they equated to the whole territory covered by the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine, including Transjordan. Mileikowsky also took part in the establishment of a public committee, headed by Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook. Netanyahu’s father, Benzion Netanyahu (1910 – 2012), was Jabotinsky’s personal secretary. In 1940, Jabotinsky sent several of his leading disciples, including Benzion and Irgun member Hillel Kook, younger brother of Abraham Isaac Kook, to the United States to seek funds and public support for the rescue of Europe’s Jews and the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. Benzion became executive director of the U.S. wing of the Revisionist Zionist movement, whose activities, according to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “helped ensure that support for Zionism and later Israel would become a permanent part of American political culture.”[13]

At the conference, Netanyahu sought to convince American conservatives that the interests of Israel were identical to those of the western democracies. Being just months before the Russian invasion of Afghanistan in December of that year, the conference, according to Netanyahu, “exposed… the full involvement of states in international terrorism, and the centrality of the Soviet Union and the PLO in fomenting and spreading it.”[14] According to Phil Kelly’s The Leveller 52 (1981), and also set out in Edward Herman and Gerry O’Sullivan’s The Terrorism Industry (1990), the Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism (JCIT) can be viewed as a key point in the formulation of an agenda that positioned “international terrorism” as being organized by the Soviet Union. As summarized by David Teacher, author of Rogue Agents: The Cercle and the 6I in the Private Cold War 1951 - 1991:

This was used justify the requirement of a worldwide anti-terrorism offensive, involving the Western military intelligence services and the incorporation of think-tank and academic accounts of Soviet involvement in orchestrating the “international terrorist network.” This network shifted its focus after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the present “war on terror.”[15]

At the Jonathan Institute’s launch, contributors included members of Le Cercle’s network, Brian Crozier, Robert Moss, Sir Peter Wilkinson and Hans Josef Horchem, as well as ex-CIA chief George H.W. Bush, Ray Cline, Lord Chalfont, Russian dissident Vladimir Bukovsky, former member of the OAS Jacques Soustelle and Holocaust survivor and former Pan-European Union member, Gerhard Löwenthal.[16] Wilkinson, a senior veteran of the wartime Special Operations Executive (SOE) and former head of the IRD was later to become Coordinator for Security and Intelligence in the Cabinet Office. Wilkinson, later professor at Aberdeen and St. Andrew’s universities, rose to become a prominent advisor on terrorism to Margaret Thatcher.

A follow-up publication to the conference, edited by Netanyahu, and published in 1981, International Terrorism: Challenge and Response, featured contributions from Shimon Peres, Paul Johnson, Hugh Fraser MP, Henry M. Jackson, Menachem Begin, Chaim Herzog, Richard Pipes, Brian Crozier, Ahron Yariv and Lord Chalfont, Robert Moss, George H.W. Bush, Ray Cline, Midge Decter, Norman Podhoretz and Claire Sterling.

The CFW’s UK President was Lord Chalfont, a former British intelligence officer and allegedly “the CIA’s man in the House of Lords,” had been a member of the Executive Committee of the CIA-funded European Movement.[17] During his career in politics, Chalfont was chief British negotiator for the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and represented Britain within the Western European Union. From 1967 to 1969, he was also charged with negotiating British entry into the EEC, a move ultimately vetoed by de Gaulle. Chalfont was also a Council member of the Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies (IEDSS), a primary beneficiary of the Heritage Foundation. The IEDSS Chairman was Heritage Foundation President Edward Feulner, and its Council included Heritage Fellow Richard V. Allen, Reagan’s chief foreign policy advisor from 1977 to 1980 and later appointed as his first but short-lived National Security Advisor.[18]

Chalfont also chaired the second more widely publicized Jonathan Institute conference, held in 1984—the Washington Conference on International Terrorism. The conference was opened by Secretary of State George Schultz, and included Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Edwin Meese, Jack Kemp, Arnaud de Borchgrave, and neoconservatives like UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, Charles Krauthammer, Norman Podhoretz, Midge Decter, and Bernard Lewis.[19] For Crozier, who also spoke at the conference, every guerrilla movement, including the PLO, the African National Congress or the IRA, was part of a subversive Soviet agenda.[20] George H.W. Bush gave a speech advocating precisely the type of ‘‘War on Terror’’ that would finally be pursued under his son’s administration.[21]

Safari Club

Arnaud de Borchgrave would also benefit from close contacts with Le Cercle founder Alexandre de Marenches, the head of SDECE French intelligence, who, when asked where would be an interesting place to spend the Christmas of 1979, advised de Borchgrave to go to Afghanistan. De Borchgrave was then one of the few Western journalists on the spot during the Soviet invasion.[22] The Russian invasion of Afghanistan was deliberately provoked by the Americans, with the aim of bankrupting the Soviet Union and a revenge for the quagmire in Vietnam. The covert CIA operation that followed, through the secret funding of the Mujahideen “freedom fighters,” was justified by the bogus claims of the Terror Network, which claimed that Russia were the source of international terrorism. However, with the CIA’s hands tied following numerous revelations of wrong-doing, the agency was forced to operate outside the sanction of Congress. Instead, the CIA embarked on a large-scale narcotics and arms trafficking conspiracy known as Iran-Contra, which involved selling arms illegally to the Iranians using Israel as a conduit, in order to derive funds to secretly fund the Afghani “freedom fighters,” the Mujahiddeen, to be coordinated by Saudi Arabia and managed by the ISI, the Pakistani secret service.

Arnaud de Borchgrave would also benefit from close contacts with Le Cercle founder Alexandre de Marenches, the head of SDECE French intelligence, who, when asked where would be an interesting place to spend the Christmas of 1979, advised de Borchgrave to go to Afghanistan. De Borchgrave was then one of the few Western journalists on the spot during the Soviet invasion.[22] The Russian invasion of Afghanistan was deliberately provoked by the Americans, with the aim of bankrupting the Soviet Union and a revenge for the quagmire in Vietnam. The covert CIA operation that followed, through the secret funding of the Mujahideen “freedom fighters,” was justified by the bogus claims of the Terror Network, which claimed that Russia were the source of international terrorism.

However, with the CIA’s hands tied following numerous revelations of wrong-doing, the agency was forced to operate outside the sanction of Congress. Instead, the CIA embarked on a large-scale narcotics and arms trafficking conspiracy known as Iran-Contra, which involved selling arms illegally to the Iranians using Israel as a conduit, in order to derive funds to secretly fund the Afghani “freedom fighters,” the Mujahiddeen, to be coordinated by Saudi Arabia and managed by the ISI, the Pakistani secret service. The arrangement with Saudi Arabia was part of a long-standing agreement with the CIA begun with the Safari Club, founded by Alexandre de Marenches, whose purpose was to cooperate with the Saudis in order to bypass Congress. According to William Corson, who worked as an unofficial adviser to Frank Church, “The reforms of the CIA started by the Church Committee in its 1975 hearings came to a dead halt under Bush… the goal was to better hide things, not fix things.”[23] By “taking operations and putting them in the hands of private business and other countries, Congressional accountability could be avoided, and that’s what Bush allowed,” said former CIA associate Robert Crowley.[24] As described by one of the founders of the Safari Club, Prince Turki al Faisal:

In 1976, after the Watergate matters took place here, your intelligence community was literally tied up by Congress. It could not do anything. It could not send spies, it could not write reports, and it could not pay money. In order to compensate for that, a group of countries got together in the hope of fighting Communism and established what was called the Safari Club. The Safari Club included France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Iran. The principal aim of this club was that we would share information with each other and help each other in countering Soviet influence worldwide, and especially in Africa.[25]

The original charter of the Safari Club was signed in 1976 by leaders and intelligence directors from the five countries, who included, in addition to de Marenches: Kamal Adham of Saudi Arabia’s Al Mukhabarat Al A’amah; the Egyptian Director of Intelligence; Ahmed Dlimi, Moroccan Director of Intelligence and commander of the Moroccan Army; and General Nematollah Nassiri of Iran’s SAVAK. When the Shah of Iran was reconsidering Brian Crozier’s offer of 6I help for covert operations, he contacted Turki al Faisal, a nephew of Kamal Adham and considered his most likely successor, who put in a good word for Crozier’s 6I. According to Joseph Trento in Prelude to Terror, Prince Turki was cultivated by various CIA operatives, including Ted Shackley, Thomas Clines, and Frank Terpil. Prince Turki began his political career as deputy to his uncle, Kamal Adham, and then, his successor as the head of Saudi Arabia’s Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah (General Intelligence Directorate), a position he held for 23 years, from 1979 until just 10 days before the 9/11 attacks. In 2002, Prince Turki was named in a multibillion-dollar lawsuit by the families of 11 September victims, alleging that he and other Saudi princes, banks, and charities may have funded the terrorists involved in the attack.

Prince Turki al-Faisal was also head of Faisal Islamic Bank of Saudi Arabia, which has been named by Luxembourg banking authorities as being directly involved in running accounts for bin Laden. Faisal Bank was founded by Youssef Nada, naturalized Italian, and a member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and Gama al Islamiya. Nada was another valued World War II Nazi. As a young man, Nada had joined the armed branch of the “secret apparatus” of the Muslim Brotherhood, and then was recruited by German military intelligence. When Grand Mufti el-Husseini had to flee Germany in 1945, as the Nazi defeat loomed, Youssef Nada is rumored to have been personally involved in arranging his escape through the SS via Switzerland back to Egypt and then Palestine.[26] Nada served as president of Al Taqwa, a bank which had been channeling funds to Muslim extremist organizations around the world, which included Hamas in Palestine. Hamas, another important faction of the Muslim Brotherhood, was created by the Mossad, the Israeli secret service. The Mossad, like many other Western intelligence services, also maintained a long-standing relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood. According to Robert Dreyfuss, in Devil’s Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam: “And beginning in 1967 through the late 1980s, Israel helped the Muslim Brotherhood establish itself in the occupied territories. It assisted Ahmed Yassin, the leader of the Brotherhood, in creating Hamas, betting that its Islamist character would weaken the PLO.”[27]

Nada was a close associate of the notorious Yusuf al Qaradawi. Qaradawi, a long-standing member of the Muslim Brotherhood, having worked directly with Hassan al Banna, twice declined offers to lead the organization, but claims to be accepted by them as their Mufti. In 1988, al Qaradawi and Nada had founded the Bank Al-Taqwa, literally meaning “Fear of God.” Al Taqwa was the Muslim Brotherhood’s semi-official bank, whose international branch was long associated with Said Ramadan. It was eventually accused by the US Treasury Department during the Bush administration of financing al Qaeda.[28]

Nada is the key conduit of continuing ties between the Muslim Brotherhood and neo-Nazis. Nada has also been associated with neo-Nazi from the Avalon Gesselschaft Ahmed Huber, who served on Nada Management, a component of Al-Taqwa. Nada was appointed president to Al Taqwa by former Nazi Francois Genoud, described by the London Observer as “one of the world’s leading Nazis.”[29] Genoud eventually converted to Islam and befriended Said Ramadan in in Geneva.[30] Genoud became the banker of choice for both neo-Nazi movements and Middle Eastern terrorists, earning the nickname the “Black Banker.”[31] Genoud employed Nazi gold to pick up the tab for the legal defense of Adolf Eichmann, Klaus Barbie, and Carlos the Jackal.[32] Through his friendship with Wadi Haddad, Genoud backed the PFLP and also established a working relationship with the PLO.[33] Along with Noam Chomsky, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, and other intellectuals, Genoud was a member of a committee which mounted a humanitarian campaign in the 1970s, which resulted in the pardon in 1977, after seven years in prison, of Bruno Bréguet, a Swiss militant who was the first European to be tried and sentenced in Israel for their pro-Palestinian activities.[34] Genoud said “My views have not changed since I was a young man. Hitler was a great leader, and if he had won the war the world would be a better place today.”[35]

Grand Chessboard

The Mujahideen of Afghanistan, like their counterparts in Iran, represented branches of the Muslim Brotherhood—a quasi-Masonic organization rooted in the Salafism of Jamal ud-Din al Afghani, one of H.P. Blavatsky’s “Ascended Masters” and the source of Saint-Yves d’Alveydre’s synarchism—which had long-standing ties with the CIA. The Ayatollah Khomeini was a longtime member of the Iranian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, known as the Fedayeen-e Islam. Their name, as noted Bernard Lewis, was borrowed from the eleventh century Assassins.[36] The group was founded in 1945 by Ayatollah Kashani, Khomeini’s god-father and mentor, who had assisted the CIA and MI6 in their overthrow of Mossadegh in 1953. Kashani was funded by the CIA, according to John Waller, who had joined the OSS in WWII, ran US operations in Iran from 1946 to 1953 and then served in the CIA until the 1970s.[37]

Little publicized in the West is the fact that the Americans started to fund factions of the Muslim Brotherhood in Afghanistan, knowing full well that it would provoke the Russians into invading the country.[38] Under this intense lobbying, Reagan agreed to yield to the neoconservatives and signed a secret document that would now allow the funding of covert operations to combat the supposed hidden Soviet threat around the world.[39] Over the first five years, the US objective was not to win the war or defeat the Soviets and force a withdrawal, but rather to bleed and cause them international embarrassment, by embroiling them in their own version of Vietnam. It consisted of assisting the Muslim “freedom fighters,” the Mujahideen of Afghanistan, who were combatting the Soviets since their invasion of the country in 1979. The secret war was part of the Americans’ ongoing confrontations, both during and after the Cold War, known as the New Great Game, a conceptualization of modern geopolitics in Central Eurasia, as a competition between the US, Britain and other NATO countries against Russia, China and other Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries for “influence, power, hegemony and profits in Central Asia and the Transcaucasus.”[40]

The new confrontation in Afghanistan was part of a long-term plan devised by Carter’s Secretary of State Zbigniew Brzezinski. Brzezinski’s plan was itself an extension of the one devised by influential neoconservative academic Bernard Lewis, a former British agent and Oxford university specialist in Islamic studies. In May of 1979, four months after the installation of the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, Lewis presented a detailed study on the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism at a Bilderberg meeting in Austria. Lewis’ proposal then came to be known as the Bernard Lewis Plan, a revision of the British Divide and Conquer strategy, which endorsed the Muslim Brotherhood movement behind Khomeini, in order to promote the Balkanization and fragmentation along ethnic and religious lines of the entire Muslim Near East. Lewis argued that the West should encourage nationalistic upheavals among minorities, such as the Lebanese Maronites, the Kurds, the Armenians, Druze, Baluchis, Azerbaijani Turks, Syrian Alawis, the Copts of Ethiopia, Sudanese mystical sects, Arabian tribes and so on.[41]

Brzezinski accepted Lewis’ hypothesis, in believing that Islamic fundamentalism could be played as a “geo-strategic” card to destabilize the USSR.[42] In his plans, Brzezinski was inspired by the ideas of Halford Mackinder, one of the founding fathers of “geopolitics.” What Brzezinski learned from Mackinder was to regard the domination of the world as dependent on control of Eurasia, which in turn was dependent on control of Central Asia. In Brzezinski’s time, however, the several states of Central Asia were all under Soviet domination, and included many of the “stans,” like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Also in Central Asia, but only within the sphere of Soviet influence, was Afghanistan. Brzezinski’s plan was to create an “Arc of Crisis” by igniting a vanguard of Islamic fundamentalism across the Middle East and Asia to confront the Soviets.[43] In the second chapter of The Grand Chessboard, entitled "The Eurasian Chessboard," Brzezinski describes a "global-zone of percolating violence" that can be skillfully manipulated to impede Eurasian integration. According to a map of this region in the book, this zone includes all of Central Asia, extending westward to include Turkey, northward to include southern Russia and eastward to touch upon the western borders of China. It includes the entire Middle East, where Brzezinski claims it is imperative for the United States to retain control, especially in the critical Persian Gulf. And, the zone extends eastward to include Afghanistan and Pakistan, up to the latter's border with India.

Brzezinski worked closely with a protégé of Albert Wohlstetter, Afghan-born American diplomat Zalmay Khalilzad, who eventually served as advisor to Unocal, which is now Chevron. From 1979 to 1989, the Afghan-born Khalilzad worked as an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. In 1984, Khalilzad accepted a one-year Council on Foreign Relations fellowship to join the State Department. From 1985 to 1989, Khalilzad served in President Ronald Reagan’s Administration as a senior State Department official advising on the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the Iran–Iraq War. In this role, he developed and guided the international program to promote the merits of a Mujahideen-led Afghanistan to oust the Soviet occupation. While at RAND, Khalilzad served as consultant for Unocal (now Chevron) for a proposed 1,400 km, $2-billion, Trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline project which would have extended from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan and further proceeding to Pakistan.

Iran-Contra Operation

In 1984, William Francis Buckley, a member of Shackley’s Secret Team, and at the time a diplomat attached to the US Embassy in Beirut, was kidnapped by the Hezbollah, a fundamentalist Shiite group with strong links to the Khomeini regime. Casey asked Shackley for help in obtaining Buckley’s freedom. Three weeks after Buckley’s disappearance, Reagan signed the National Security Decision Directive 138, drafted by Oliver North, which outlined plans on how to get the American hostages released from Iran and to “neutralize” terrorist threats from countries such as Nicaragua. This new secret counterterrorist task force was to be headed by Shackley’s old friend, General Richard Secord.

Thus, the Iran-Contra deal was born. On December 12, 1986, Daniel Sheehan submitted to the court an affidavit detailing the Iran-Contra scandal. It gradually emerged that Singlaub, William Casey, Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, and members of Ted Shackley’s Secret Team, including Richard L. Armitage, Thomas G. Clines, Edwin Wilson and Richard Secord, were also involved in the conspiracy to provide arms to the Contras in Nicaragua, which was prohibited by Congress under the Boland Amendment. According to Jane Hunter,‎ Jonathan Marshall and‎ Peter Dale Scott in The Iran-Contra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Era. 

A significant degree of policy-forming leadership may have actually been “privatized,” passing to an assortment of fringe forces represented by such notables as Singlaub, Secord, and Clines, who in this sense provided the basic framework within which Reagan, McFarlane and Casey have acted, with North and Poindexter featured as trustworthy handmaidens.[44]

While working on the attempt to undermine the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba, Thomas Clines became friends with Rafael “Chi Chi” Quintero, who joined Operation 40. During that period, beginning shortly after the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, Clines developed a personal friendship with Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, after his father, Anastasio Somoza Garcia, allowed the CIA to train anti-Cuban rebels in the country.[45] Quintero, Manuel Artime and Felix Rodriguez moved to Nicaragua creating an army of 300 men and obtained weapons, supplies and boats to invade Cuba. When Clines was given responsibility for Nicaragua in 1978, Clines recruited Quintero to help the CIA in its efforts against the democratically-elected socialist Sandinistas that governed Nicaragua.

This included helping Nicaragua’s president Anastasio Somoza Debayle to develop a counter-subversion program in the country. In 1979, as a result of growing opposition from the Sandinistas, Somoza resigned the presidency and fled to Miami. He was the last member of the Somoza family to be President, ending the American-supported dynasty that had been in power since 1936. Somoza’s Nicaragua was thoroughly anti-Communist, maintaining ties with South Africa and Taiwan. Israel was the last supplier of weapons to the Somoza regime, because during the Israeli War of Independence in 1948, Somoza’s father provided substantial financial support for Israel. He took with him the caskets of his father and brother and, it is claimed, much of Nicaragua’s national treasure leaving the country with, it is claimed, a $1.6 billion foreign debt, the highest in Central America.[46]

Somoza was denied entry to the US by President Carter. He later took refuge in Paraguay, then under the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, a close ally of Augusto Pinochet, who had also provided refuge for Argentina’s Juan Peron. In a CBS interview with Mike Wallace, Stroessner, in response to criticism of his regime, mentioned his good relations with Israel. Those same relations were described in the Israeli press as “excellent.”[47] Stroessner was a good customer of the Israeli arms industry, and used only Israeli weapons to arm his bodyguards. Paraguay’s voting record at the United Nations is the most consistently pro-Israeli of any nation in the world.[48]

In 1977, Vatican banker Roberto Calvi had developed close relations with Somoza, and opened a subsidiary, the Ambrosiano Group Banco Comercial, in Managua. According to one source, it was P2 Grand Master and Gladio kingpin Licio Gelli, a friend of Ledeen, who “smoothed the way” for Calvi’s use of Somoza’s offer of bank secrecy, “after several million dollars had been dropped into the dictator's pocket.” In 1978, to avoid an investigation by the Bank of Italy, Calvi “moved the axis of [his international] fraud to Nicaragua.”[49] Having been designated a State Sponsor of Terrorism since January 1984, the sale of arms to Iran was the subject of an arms embargo. Iran was in the midst of the Iran–Iraq War and could find few Western nations willing to supply it with weapons. On February 5, 1986, Shackley was interviewed by the Tower Commission investigating the Iran–Contra affair, and reported that he met in Hamburg, West Germany, in November 1984, with General Manucher Hashemi, the former head of the counterintelligence division of Iran’s SAVAK intelligence service, where he was introduced to Manucher Ghorbanifar, who had close ties to Mossad.[50] Prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Ghorbanifar was an agent of SAVAK, and a partner in an Israeli-Iranian shipping company, Starline Iran, which shipped oil from Iran to Israel.[51] Ghorbanifar knew Israel’s military attaché in Tehran, Mossad agent Yaakov Nimrodi, who helped build SAVAK.[52] Ghorbanifar attempted to show that he and Hashemi had influence in Iran by stating that the Iranians would be willing to trade captured Soviet equipment for TOW missiles. Ghorbanifar also proposed that a cash payment be offered as ransom for the four American hostages held in Beirut, Lebanon (which included William Francis Buckley) and that he act as the intermediary.

Shackley prepared a memorandum which he shared with Michael Ledeen in May 1985, who ultimately forwarded it in June to Oliver North, the staff officer on the National Security Council responsible for counter-terrorism.[53] On 17 June 1985, National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane, whom Ledeen was serving as a consultant of National Security Adviser, wrote a National Security Decision Directive which called for the United States to begin a rapprochement with Iran. Only William Casey supported McFarlane’s plan to start selling arms to Iran. In early July 1985, Ledeen requested assistance from Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres for help in the sale of arms to Iran.[54] The idea behind the plan was for Israel to ship weapons to Iran through Ghorbanifar, after which the United States would reimburse Israel with the same weapons, while receiving monetary benefits. Large modifications to the plan were devised by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council in late 1985, in which a portion of the proceeds from the weapon sales was diverted to fund anti-Sandinista fighters, known as Contras, against the socialist government of Nicaragua.

North later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from TOW and HAWK missile sales to Iran to the Contras.[55] Ghorbanifar had become Ledeen and North’s principal Iranian contact, with Ledeen vouching for Ghorbanifar to McFarlane.[56] However, CIA director Casey ordered three separate lie-detector tests, all of which Ghorbanifar failed. Iranian officials also suspected Ghorbanifar of passing them forged American documents. The CIA issued a “Fabricator Notice” on Ghorbanifar in 1984, meaning he was regarded as an unreliable source of intelligence, and a 1987 congressional report on Iran–Contra cites the CIA warning that Ghorbanifar “should be regarded as an intelligence fabricator and a nuisance.”[57]

Several major US allies, including Israel, Taiwan, South Korea and Saudi Arabia assisted the CIA in supporting the Contras. Given Israel’s relationship with Nicaragua’s former Somoza regime, it is not surprising that it became active an participant in the Iran-Contra affair. According to Peter Dale Scott, “No country… has played a more significant surrogate role in both Central America and Iran than Israel.”[58] Nicaraguan president Ortega has consistently pointed out Israeli support for the Contras. When the CIA was setting up the Contras in 1981, the Mossad provided members of Israel’s leading commando outfits for training. One of the Contras’ leaders, Commandant Eden Pastora, based in Costa Rica, refused to accept direct CIA aid, but accepted Israeli aid. According to the CIA sources, the Israeli effort to support the Contras was financed by the CIA. In July 1983, the New York Times reported that, “Israel, at the request of the United States, has agreed to send weapons captured from the Palestine Liberation Organization to Honduras for eventually use by Nicaraguan rebels.[59]

The Latin-American branch of the WACL, the Anti-Communist Conference (CAL), played a key role in forming the initial core Contra group, which later became the main FDN Contra faction of Enique Bermudez.[60] John Singlaub joined the WACL, through which the CIA extended its history of drug-trafficking from the Golden Triangle in Asia, to the heroin of Afghanistan and cocaine of Nicaragua in support of “freedom fighters” against communism.[61] In January 1985, Singlaub visited South Korea and Taiwan in order to obtain money and weapons for the Contras. This money was raised via the WACL.[62]

The WACL also enjoyed support from both the Carter and Reagan administrations in the United States, particularly with regard to its backing of right-wing paramilitary death squads in Latin America, like the Nicaraguan guerrillas in the Iran-Contra affair.[63] In 1981 by Singlaub founded the US chapter of the WACL, the United States Council for World Freedom (USCWF), which was responsible for producing what its opponents call “troops of killers,” while ostensibly organizing to provide support for Corazon Aquino from the right-wing in the Philippines and for supporting the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) movement in Mozambique. Joseph Coors privately donated $65,000 through National Security Council adviser Oliver North to buy a light cargo plane for the Contras effort.[64]

Bank of Crooks and Criminals

Alan Quasha, the son of the Manila-based attorney William Quasha, who advised executives of the Nugan Hand Bank in Australia, was the chairman of George W. Bush’s Harken Energy Corporation, which emerged in 1986 from his earlier venture, Arbusto. Bush’s first business, Arbusto Energy, obtained financing from James Bath, a family friend. Bath was recruited in 1976 by then CIA Director, George Herbert Bush, to create offshore companies to move CIA funds and aircraft between Texas and Saudi Arabia.[65] One of James Bath’s former business partners, Charles W. “Bill” White, a former Annapolis graduate and United States Navy pilot, claimed that Bath was involved in a secret conspiracy to funnel Saudi money into the United States. He also claimed that, since 1976, Bath had worked as a CIA liaison to Saudi Arabia.

Bath became the sole U.S. business representative of Salem bin Laden, head of the wealthy Saudi Arabian family, and one of seventeen brothers to Osama bin Laden. When Salem bin Laden died in 1988, Khalid bin Mahfouz, the head of Saudi Intelligence, inherited his interests in Houston.[66] Until the early 90s, Bath was also involved with bin Mahfouz in their company, Southwest Airport Services, refuelers of the presidential plane, Air Force One, when the president was in Houston. [67] Bath also operated Skyway Aircraft Leasing Ltd., an aviation business based in the Cayman Islands, owned by bin Mahfouz.[68]

Bath then ran a business for bin Mahfouz, and joined a partnership with he and Gaith Pharaon, frontman in Houston for the infamous Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), the primary conduit for CIA funds to the Mujahideen fighting in Afghanistan. BCCI, the first Third World multinational bank, which was created in 1972 by Pakistani banker Agha Hasan Abedi. Newsweek later reported, however, that CIA officials appeared to have been involved in the bank’s founding and that Abedi had been encouraged by the CIA to found the bank after “the agency realized that an international bank could provide valuable cover for intelligence operations.”[69] 25% of BCCI’s startup capital was from Bank of America and the remaining 75% from Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the ruler of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.

Abedi was also a member of the 1001 Club, founded in 1971 by Anton Rupert, Prince Philip, and ex-SS officer and Bilderberg Group founder Prince Bernhard, to cover the administrative and fundraising aspects of the World Wildlife Federation (WWF), established in 1948 by Bernhard and Julian Huxley. The list sordid characters associated with the 1001 Club have included Mobutu Sese Seko, Nelson Bunker Hunt, J. Peter Grace, Paul Mellon, John M. Olin, Clint Richardson’s son John D. Murchison, Peter Munk, Permindex-founder Louis Mortimer Bloomfield, Salem Bin Laden, Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, and Juan Carlos of Spain.[70]

Also serving as a consultant for BCCI was Le Cercle chairman Julian Amery, leading member of the Conservative Monday Club. Julian’s father was Leo Amery who drafted the Balfour Declaration at the request of Round Tabler Alfred Milner. Leo also encouraged Ze’ev Jabotinsky to form the Jewish Legion for the British Army in Palestine. Julian’s brother, John, was hanged for high treason for supporting Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during the World War II. Julian was also a good friend of David Stirling, founder of the SAS, with whom he helped orchestrate British involvement in the North Yemen Civil War with Saudi funding.[71] Amery explained in late 1962s:

The prosperity of our people rests really on the oil in the Persian Gulf, the rubber and tin of Malaya, and the gold, copper and precious metals of South- and Central Africa. As long as we have access to these; as long as we can realize the investments we have there; as long as we trade with this part of the world, we shall be prosperous. If the communists [or anyone else] were to take them over, we would lose the lot.[72]

The collapse of BCCI in what the Wall Street Journal called “the world’s largest bank fraud” also ensnared fellow Black Eagle Fund conspirator Clark Clifford, who was indicted for fraud. Former Navy Captain Clark Clifford, who was Truman’s aide for national security matters who was briefed by Captain Lansdale, was Robert B. Anderson’s protégé and intimate friend. Together, Anderson and Clifford would become major power brokers in Washington.[73] As an American lawyer, Clifford served as an important political adviser to Democratic presidents Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter.

CIA assistant director Robert Gates once referred to BCCI jokingly as the “Bank of Crooks and Criminals.”[74] CIA director Bill Casey had wanted to establish an offshore entity capable of conducting covert operations that was “stand-alone,” financially independent, and free from congressional oversight. BCCI was the solution. In the early eighties, Casey began meeting regularly with Abedi in Washington DC.[75] While he had until then been reticent, some secret deal seems to have been struck with Casey, because Abedi then moved aggressively to establish BCCI in the US.[76] “Black funds” for the CIA traveled through BCCI for the Contra war, the Iranian-Israeli payoffs, and large covert wars in Afghanistan and Angola. BCCI became the favored bank for Middle Eastern terrorists, and arms and drug runners, South American drug cartels, organized crime lords, and intelligence services such as the ISI, Mossad, MI6 and the CIA. Radio Canada has alleged that British, Swiss and Canadian laundered hundreds of millions of dollars of the finances of the Gladio-linked Solar Temple cult of Luc Jouret, and that some had been channeled through BCCI before the bank was closed in 1991.[77]

One of BCCI’s early moves to gain legitimacy was its purchase in 1976 of 85% of the Banque de Commerce et Placements of Geneva, Switzerland. After taking over the bank, BCCI installed Alfred Hartmann as manager. Hartmann then became the chief financial officer for BCC Holding, and thus one of BCCI’s most influential directors. Hartmann maintained connections with the Rothschilds, being president of Rothschild Bank AG of Zurich. Hartmann was also vice-chairman of NY-InterMaritime Bank of Geneva, run by Mossad operative Bruce Rappaport, who was on the board of N.M. Rothschild and Sons in London.

A branch of BCCI was set up in Panama for the cash that Colonel Manuel Noriega was funneling out of his country. In 1975, Noriega was closely involved in Operation Watch-Tower, a CIA run series of missions dedicated to shipping massive quantities of Cocaine from Bogata, Columbia, to Panama and onward to the United States for distribution. Directed by Edwin Wilson and Frank Terpil, the operation was also supported by the Mossad.[78] Noriega’s mentor was Mossad intelligence agent Michael Harari, who supervised what became known as the Harari Network, set up in 1982 by the Reagan administration and the Israeli government. Operating out of Mexico, Panama, and Florida, the network worked with Colombia’s Medellin and Cali cocaine cartels, shipped guns to the Contras and smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the US via Panama.[79] It was the CIA that had set up the meetings in which various Colombian drug dealers organized into a drug trafficking Medellin cartel in 1981, permitting it to deal with a group rather than many independent drug dealers.[80]

CIA documents that later surfaced during congressional hearings on the bank’s activities stated that BCCI was directly involved in “money laundering, narco-financing, gunrunning and holding large sums of money for terrorist groups.”[81] In addition, BCCI appears to have been involved in the sex trafficking of underage girls, including girls that had not yet reached puberty. According to the report entitled “The BCCI Affair,” by then-U.S. Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Hank Brown (R-CO), BCCI officials were alleged to have obtained leverage with powerful individuals, including prominent members of the ruling families of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), by providing them with young virgins.[82] The report (page 70) specifically states:

According to one U.S. investigator with substantial knowledge of BCCI’s activities, some BCCI officials have acknowledged that some of the females provided some members of the Al-Nahyan family were young girls who had not yet reached puberty, and in certain cases, were physically injured by the experience. The official said that former BCCI officials had told him that BCCI also provided males to homosexual VIPs.”[83]

One lesser-known fact about Khashoggi is that, at the time of his Iran-Contra operation, he was in the employ of Mossad, according to former Mossad agent Victor Ostrovsky, author of By Way of Deception. According to the report entitled “The BCCI Affair,” by then-U.S. Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Hank Brown (R-CO), Khashoggi “acted as the middleman for five Iranian arms deals for the United States, financing a number of them through BCCI” and “served as the ‘banker’ for arms shipments as the undercover scheme developed.” The report continued:

Khashoggi and Ghorbanifer performed a central role for the U.S. government in connection with the Iran-Contra affair in operations that involved the direct participation of CIA personnel [and both Khashoggi and Ghorbanifer] banked at BCCI’s offices in Monte Carlo and, for both, BCCI’s services were essential as a means of providing short-term credit for sales from the U.S. through Israel to Iran.”[84]

In 1979, George W. Bush’s first business, Arbusto Energy, obtained financing from Bath. In the Outlaw Bank, Beaty and Gwynne suggest that Bath’s investment in Arbusto may have belonged to bin Mahfouz, since Bath “had no substantial money of his own at the time.”[85] In 1987, when Harken ran into trouble, a 17.6 percent share was purchased by Saudi Sheik Abdullah Taha Bakhsh, a business partner with Pharaon, while his banker was bin Mahfouz. [86] Though Bush told the Wall Street Journal he had “no idea” BCCI was involved in Harken’s financial dealings, the network of connections between Bush and BCCI is so extensive that the Journal concluded by stating: “The number of BCCI-connected people who had dealings with Harken—all since George W. Bush came on board—raises the question of whether they mask an effort to cozy up to a presidential son.”[87] Or even the president: Bath finally came under investigation by the FBI in 1992 for his Saudi business relationships, accused of funneling Saudi money through Houston, in order to influence the foreign policies of the Reagan and first Bush administrations.

In addition, Mahfouz’ Saudi Investment Corporation (SICO) is partnered with the Saudi BinLaden Group. SICO was covertly involved in supporting the Mujahideen in Afghanistan during the late 1980’s, in connection with the BCCI-controlled National Bank of Oman. Those responsible for arranging SICO’s financing of Osama bin Laden were the top two InterMaritime Bank executives, Alfred Hartmann of Harken and Bruce Rappaport, in addition to William Casey.[88] The company was chaired by Yeslam bin Laden. Board members are Beatrice Dufour, Baudoin Dunant and Tilouine el Hanafi. Lafour is Yeslam bin Laden’s sister-in-law. She is of Iranian origin and is married to a Swiss financier. Baudoin Dunant, one of French-speaking Switzerland’s leading lawyers, is on the boards of over twenty companies in Geneva, Fribourg, Morges, Nyons, etc. He received international publicity in 1983, when he represented Nazi banker Francois Genoud.[89]

Sami Baarma, a top executive of the Saudi National Commercial Bank (NCB), sat on the board of Mahfouz’s Middle East Capital Group (MECG), which also had on its board Sheikh Bakhsh. In addition, Baarma sat on the board of the Carlyle Group, headed by Frank Carlucci. Carlucci was not only a former Secretary of Defense in the Reagan Administration, but a Deputy Director of the CIA during the Carter Administration. Carlucci was part of the exact same private CIA clique as the earlier-mentioned Felix Rodriguez, which also included Donald Gregg, Ted Shackley, George H.W. Bush, Richard Helms and a number of others. Of these, Carlucci, Shackley, Bush and Helms maintained close friendships with top Saudis since the late 1970s, in particular with Prince Turki and Prince Bandar, first in the Safari Club network and later through the Carlyle Group, run by Carlucci, with Bush and James Baker on his side. Carlyle is the eleventh largest military contractor in the US, and a leading contributor to George W. Bush’s 2000 presidential campaign. Former President George H. W. Bush has visited Saudi Arabia at least twice to successfully court bin Laden family financing for the Carlyle Group.

Mena, Arkansas

As detailed by Jonathan Beaty and S.C. Gwynne in The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride Into the Secret Heart of BCCI, Sheikh Zayed al Nahyan and the Safari Club’s Sheikh Kamal Adham secretly acted as BCCI nominees in a hostile take-over of Washington DC’s largest bank, Financial General Bankshares, that soon became First American Bankshares. First American was set up in the US with the assistance of Jackson Stephens of Little Rock, Arkansas. Stephens was among the richest people in Arkansas and was also a major donor and backer of Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton. He also played a key role in the rise of Walmart.[90] Stephens is named in the court records as having brought Saudi billionaire Ghaith Pharaon of BCCI together with Stephens’ close friend Bert Lance, who had been a cabinet official under President Jimmy Carter. However, Stephens and Lance, like Clark Clifford, all maintained they did not know the group of investors headed by Pharaon were actually fronting for BCCI.[91]

The Stephens Group, a multibillion-dollar empire of companies operated by Stephens and his family, dominated the Arkansas economy, where they owned a large part of more than a dozen banks, the most exclusive hotel in Little Rock, and the building that housed Bill Clinton’s Arkansas office. Stephens and other members of the Stephens family bankrolled Bill Clinton’s rise to political prominence, contributing large sums of money to both Clinton’s gubernatorial and his later presidential campaigns. In addition, Worthen Bank, which was majority-owned by Stephens, provided Clinton’s first presidential campaign a $3.5 million line of credit. As well, Stephens’ many businesses were frequently represented by the Rose Law Firm, where Hillary Clinton was a partner.[92] A redacted FBI report from 1998 describes Stephens as having “lengthy and continuing ties to the Clinton administration and associates” and also discusses allegations that Stephens has been involved in the “illegal handling of campaign contributions to the Democratic National Party.”[93]

Stephens played a part in the CIA-supervised cocaine smuggling operation based in Mena, Arkansas, during Bill Clinton’s term as governor of that state during the 1980s. Mena was a key CIA trans-shipment point for the Iran-Contra operation. At the center of the operation was pilot Barry Seal, who became the greatest drug dealer in American history. One estimate suggests that Barry Seal, who also worked for the CIA and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), ran as much as a hundred million worth of cocaine a month through Mena. Nevertheless, CBS News correspondent Bill Plante complained there is a trail of “tens of millions of dollars in cocaine profits [from Mena], and we don’t know where it leads. It is a trail that has been blocked by the National Security Council.”[94]

Barry Seal had been recruited at the age of seventeen, along with Lee Harvey Oswald, by CIA agent David Ferrie, at a two-week summer camp of the Louisiana Civil Air Patrol in 1957.[95] By his own admission, Seal became the Medellin cartel’s chief link to the cocaine markets of the south-eastern United States. From Mena, Seal once again hooked up with his friends in the CIA, who were anxious to use Seal’s fleet of planes to ferry supplies to Contra camps in Honduras and Costa Rica. It was Barry Seal’s plane crashing in Nicaragua that exposed the Iran-Contra affair. On October 5, 1986, a Sandinista patrol in Nicaragua shot down a C-123K cargo plane, previously been owned by Seal, that was supplying the Contras. When Seal became an undercover informant for the DEA, he flew the plane to the Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base in Ohio, where CIA equipped it with hidden cameras on it in 1984. Seal then flew to Nicaragua and returned to the United States with 1,472 pounds of cocaine. The cameras filmed Federico Vaughn, whom American officials said was an employee of the Nicaraguan Interior Ministry, helping load cocaine into the plane. The shipment was seized upon arrival. President Reagan referred to it in a television speech in March during which he criticized the Sandinista Government and sought $100 million in aid to the Contras. Thus exposed as an informant, Seal was murdered in Baton Rouge in February.[96]

Eugene Hasenfus, an Air America veteran, survived the crash and told his captors that he thought the CIA was behind the operation. Hasenfus also repudiated his earlier statement that his co-workers, Cuban Americans Max Gomez and Ramon Medina, were working for the CIA out of El Salvador and were friends of then US vice-President George H.W. Bush.[97] Nevertheless, Hasenfus information led journalists to identify Rafael Quintero, Luis Posada and Felix Rodriguez. Rodriguez was the logistics officer for airlifts of arms and supplies from the Ilopango air base, in El Salvador, to the Contras.[98] The night of the crash, Felix Rodriguez phoned Bush’s office and told his aide, Samuel Watson, that the plane had gone missing. Watson relayed the information to the White House Situation Room, and an order was given for a search-and-rescue mission. The following morning Rodriguez learned that Sandinista-government had shot down the plane and that Hasenfus had been captured.[99]

A spokesman for the DEA, Jack Hood, said: “With the best of information we have now, we believe that the C-123 that was shot down in Nicaragua was the same plane that was used in the Barry Seal operation.” [100] Hasenfus, later claimed it was sheer coincidence that a plane once owned by Seal was now part of a secret network led by Oliver North.[101] There were also reports that the C-123 had been sold by the CIA to a private group that delivered supplies to the contras, and that the flight was sponsored by a group headed by retired General John Singlaub.[102] However, Singlaub, who was said by Reagan Administration officials to have arranged the flight of the arms-laden cargo plane, denied again that he had been involved in the operation.[103]

Terry Reed alleges in court documents, and in his book, Compromised: Clinton, Bush and the CIA, that Barry Seal made deposits of cash from the Mena drug operation directly to Lasater & Co. Part of Stephens’ laundering worked through front companies set up by bond broker and convicted drug dealer Dan Lasater, of Lasater & Company. Lasater had first made his fortune founding Ponderosa, a steakhouse chain that went public in 1971, and then moved to Little Rock. He had close ties with Bill Clinton, through his friendship with Clinton’s mother and half-brother, Roger. In 1982, he was one of the biggest contributors to Clinton’s election campaign when he won back the governorship after a term out of office.

Reed, a former-CIA spy with Air America in Thailand, describes a number of covert activities around Mena, including a CIA operation to train pilots and troops for the Nicaraguan Contras, and the collusion of local officials. Reed says he was working for Oliver North by 1983, who put Reed in touch with Seal and by 1984, and had established a base at Mena. Internal Revenue Service Agent Bill Duncan, Arkansas State Police investigator Russell Welch, Arkansas Attorney General J. Winston Bryant, Congressman Bill Alexander, and various other local law-enforcement officials and citizens. were all convinced by the late eighties that there existed what Bryant termed “credible evidence” of criminal activity at Mena between 1981 and 1986. In 1995, Arkansas state trooper Larry Patterson testified under oath, according to The London Sunday Telegraph, that he and other officers “discussed repeatedly in Clinton’s presence” the “large quantities of drugs being flown into the Mena airport, large quantities of money, large quantities of guns.”[104]

One important business in the Arkansas narcotics network was Park-O-Meter, or POM Inc. Commercially, POM was to produce parking meters and machine parts. Covertly, it was manufacturing untraceable custom weapons parts for the Contras, and shipping them to Mena. Park-O-Meter was the first company to receive a loan from the Arkansas Development Finance Authority (ADFA), created by the Arkansas state legislature at Clinton’s urging in 1985. Dan Lasater was the principal bond underwriter for the ADFA.[105] Webster “Webb” Hubbell, who served on POM’s board during the early 80s, co-wrote the documents which created the ADFA in 1985. Hubbell was Mayor of Little Rock from 1979 until 1982. Later he would become a partner in the Rose Law Firm, which employed Hillary Clinton, and which eventually was at the center of the Whitewater scandal. The names of Hubbell and the Rose law firm appear on the bond issues and loan agreements for the largest contributions to Clinton’s presidential campaign. The banks, which extended several loans of more than three million, were all owned by a company named Stephens Inc. As Governor, Bill Clinton appointed Hubbell as Chief Justice of the Arkansas State Supreme Court, but ten years later he resigned before pleading guilty to federal mail fraud and tax evasion for overbilling clients. Hubbell served 15 months in prison.

Former Clinton aide Larry Nichols has claimed that Hillary and Hubbell engaged in an affair in 1984 at the Governor’s Mansion during Bill’s second term. According to Nichols, “We were discussing this woman’s claims that Bill had knocked her up and what we should do about it,” said Nichols. “But he denied that he could have gotten her pregnant. He said he had measles as a kid and that rendered him sterile. “His exact words were, ‘I shoot blanks.’ Stunned by what I’d just heard, I asked him, ‘Then what about Chelsea?’ And he said, ‘Oh, Webb (Hubbell) sired her.’”[106]

Barr, who currently serves as Trump’s Attorney General, was an employee of the CIA from 1973 to 1977. On August 15, 1996, officer “Chip” Tatum declared in court that he transported cocaine for the CIA and Iran-Contra personnel, accompanied by William Barr, Felix Rodriguez, Oliver North, Manuel Noriega, and Mike Harari.[107] Terry Reed had been in frequent telephone contact with the man he knew as Robert Johnson, an attorney for Southern Air Transport, whom later Reed learned was really William Barr.[108] After Clinton’s half-brother Roger was busted for cocaine smuggling and ratted out Bill’s friend Dan Lasater, Johnson chastised Bill for jeopardizing the operation. Because, if an investigation spilled over into Lasater's firm it could possibly expose CIA involvement. According to Reed, Johnson reprimanded Clinton saying:

Bill, you are Mr. Casey’s fair-haired boy… You and your state have been our greatest asset. Mr. Casey wanted me to pass on to you that unless you fuck up and do something stupid, you’re No. 1 on the short list for a shot at the job that you’ve always wanted. You and guys like you are the fathers of the new government. We are the new covenant.”[109]

Attempts to investigate Clinton’s role in the Mena and Iran-Contra operations were allegedly blocked by Clinton’s own aides, who consistently denied he played a role in the scandal. According to the Wall Street Journal, former IRS investigator William Duncan teamed with Arkansas State Police Investigator Russell Welch in a decade-long battle to bring the facts to light. Of the nine separate state and federal probes into the affair, all failed. A memo in March 1992, from Duncan to several high-ranking members of staff of William Barr, who was serving as attorney general under George H. W. Bush, notes that Duncan was instructed “to remove all files concerning the Mena investigation from the attorney general’s office.”[110]

Barr served as Attorney General from 1991 to 1993 during the George H.W. Bush administration. In late 1992, Lawrence Walsh, who had been appointed independent counsel to investigate the Iran-Contra affair, found documents in the possession of Reagan’s former defense secretary, Caspar Weinberger, which he said was “evidence of a conspiracy among the highest-ranking Reagan Administration officials to lie to Congress and the American public.”[111] According to Walsh, because then-president Bush might have been called as a witness, on the advice of Barr, pardoned Weinberger, along with five other administration officials who had been found guilty on charges relating to the Iran-Contra affair. Walsh remarked: “The Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed.”[112] In 2003, he wrote an account of the investigation in his book, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up. For Barr’s role in burying evidence in a second scandal known as Iraqgate, having to do with Bush selling weapons of mass destruction to Saddam Hussein, New York Times writer William Safire began to refer to Barr as “Coverup-General Barr.”[113]

Mujahideen

Funds accumulated through the Iran-Contra conspiracy enabled the Americans continued to secretly fund the Mujahideen factions, then being celebrated in the media as “Freedom Fighters,” with the Saudis matching their funding “dollar for dollar.” Code-named Operation Cyclone, it became one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken, with combined contributions eventually achieving a total of ten billon dollars. To ensure the CIA’s plausible deniability, support to the Mujahideen was coordinated by Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The ISI originally established in 1948 by Joseph Cawthorn, a British Intelligence agent of MI6, with whom it has continually maintained close ties.[114]

To add to the number of Mujahideen fighting the Soviets, William Casey endorsed a worldwide recruitment effort to be organized through the CIA. Arab governments from around the world, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia, and international organizations, in addition to the Muslim Brotherhood, like the Muslim World League, the International Relief Organization, the Jamat Tabligh, a Pakistani missionary organization, all ran to recruit fighters. The Muslim World League included Brotherhood-connected Abul Ala Maududi and a Wahhabi-influenced Indian scholar named Maulana Abu Hasan al Nadvi. Maududi was the founder of a party in Pakistan named Jamaat-i-Islami, which was the primary supporter of the CIA’s “Jihad” in Afghanistan. Many of the party’s leaders, like Fareed Paracha, Munawar Hassan, Hafiz Hussain, Qazi Hussain were on the payroll of CIA.[115]

From Egypt were recruited those fanatics who had been responsible for the assassination of its president Anwar Sadat in 1981. At the time, in addition to the war in Afghanistan, the CIA-backed revolution had succeeded in Iran, and a wave of Islamic militancy was sweeping across the Arab world. As Robert Dreyfuss explains:

This extraordinary series of developments were made possible in part by Sadat’s and America’s favorite ally, Saudi Arabia. Now awash in tens of billions of petrodollars, thanks to the 1970s oil-price increases imposed by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the Saudis used cold, hard cash to build a pro-American empire of Islamic banks and financial institutions in Egypt, Sudan, Kuwait, Turkey, Pakistan, and elsewhere. It was the marriage between the Muslim Brotherhood’s ideology and the power of Islamic banking that finally catapulted right-wing Islamism to worldwide power.[116]

Sheikh Omar Abdur Rahman, also known as the Blind Sheikh, later responsible for the WTC bombing of 1993, was among those involved in inspiring the radicals who carried out Sadat’s assassination in 1981. The assassination was coordinated by Abdul Salam Faraj, leader of the Cairo branch of Islamic Jihad, to which Sheikh Omar belonged. As explained by Kamal Habib, a founding member of Islamic Jihad. Faraj made a significant contribution in elevating the role of “Jihad” in radical Islam with his pamphlet Al Farida al Ghaiba (“The Neglected Obligation”). The book, which popularized the use of the bogus Mardin Fatwa, has become a manifesto for militant groups. The original goal of Faraj’s Islamic Jihad was to overthrow the Egyptian Government and replace it with an Islamic state. Later it broadened its aims to include attacking American and Israeli interests in Egypt and abroad. The culmination of this terror campaign was the assassination of Sadat at an army parade by a group of Army officers who were a part of Islamic Jihad, led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli.

Eric Margolis of the Toronto Star said General Hosni Mubarak, who was wounded in the attack, was then put into power with US assistance.[117] Many members of Islamic Jihad were immediately arrested, and the regime launched a massive manhunt. Among the leaders arrested were Ayman al Zawahiri, later to become Osama bin Laden’s second-in-command. Al-Zawahiri hails from an elite Egyptian family. His father’s uncle, Rabia al-Zawahiri, was the grand imam of Al-Azhar University. His mother came from the wealthy and influential Azzam clan. Her father, Ayman’s grandfather, served as the president of Cairo University and founded King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[118] His great-uncle was British agent Abdul Rahman Azzam, who was also associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. After WWI, when the Sanussi Brotherhood became an asset of British’s Arab Bureau in Cairo, Azzam was dispatched to Tripolitania to help organize the order’s political work. Azzam would eventually become the first Secretary-General of the British–sponsored League of Arab States after World War II.[119]

Zawahiri was a physician, not an Islamic scholar. His interpretation of “Jihad” showed how Islamic terrorism could be employed by Western powers by completely betraying the very essence of Islam. Worse still, Zawahiri exemplified a Machiavellianism which is a complete reversal of the message of Islam. As explained Azzam Tamimi of the Institute of Islamic Political Thought, Zawahiri:

…came to the conclusion that because you have what you believe to be a sublime objective, then the means can be as ugly as they can get. You can kill as many people as you wish, because the end means is noble. The logic is that “we are the vanguards, we are the correct Muslims, everybody else is wrong. Not only wrong, but everybody else is not a Muslim, and the only means available to us today is just to kill our way to perfection. [120]

Following the assassination of Sadat, an offshoot of Islamic Jihad was created, known as al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (“The Islamic Group”), of which Sheikh Omar became the leader. Though he had been tied to the assassination of Sadat, the CIA nevertheless regarded Sheikh Omar as a valuable asset. Omar was an associate of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam in Afghanistan. While bin Laden was responsible for the organization and training of new recruits, it was Azzam who formulated the purported Islamic justification for participation in the war based on the Fatwas of Ibn Taymiyyah. Barnett R. Rubin, a Columbia University associate professor and senior fellow at the CFR, says sources have told him that Azzam was “enlisted” by the CIA.[121] Azzam was killed in 1989, some say, a hit commissioned by bin Laden.

Also according to Rubin, Sheikh Omar too was in the employ of the CIA.[122] Once in the US, the CIA paid Sheikh Omar “to preach to the Afghans about the necessity of unity to overthrow the Kabul regime.”[123] As one FBI agent said in 1993, he is “hands-off… It was no accident that the sheikh got a visa and that he’s still in the country. He’s here under the banner of national security, the State Department, the NSA, and the CIA.”[124] However, Sheikh Omar was finally sentenced to life imprisonment in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. According to Rubin, not long after he was arrested, a source asked Robert Oakley, former US Ambassador to Pakistan, how the U.S. would respond if the Sheikh disclosed he had worked for the CIA. Oakley laughed, saying it would never happen, because the admission would ruin the Sheikh’s credibility with his militant followers.[125] Sheik Omar’s al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya is reported to be responsible for the killing of hundreds of Egyptian policemen, soldiers and civilians, including the 1997 Luxor massacre in which 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians were killed.

Zawahiri went on to become bin Laden’s right-hand man, and then the leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, after the organization was formally merged with al Qaeda. Bin Laden, according to at least two separate reports, was recruited by the CIA in 1979.[126] And contrary to common perception, he was not a fighter.[127] Working closely with Saudi intelligence, bin Laden was the bagman responsible for transmitting funds to the front and to train the thousands of Arab and other volunteer fighters recruited from around the world to fight in the “Jihad.”[128]

Following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, many former Mujahideen joined the “Jihad” against the Serbs in the Bosnian war of 1992 to 1995. Many of these recruits were coordinated by the Islamic Cultural Center of Milan, which was described by the US Treasury Department as the main Al Qaeda station house in Europe and responsible for the movement of weapons, men, and money around the world. Associated with the center was Abd al-Wahid Pallavicini, the leader of a Traditionalist Sufi order, who converted to Islam in Switzerland in 1952, having been sent to a Sufi shaykh there by Julius Evola.[129] The center was founded by Sheikh Anwar Shaban, who commanded the Muslim forces in Bosnia. According to a CIA report, Shaaban was a senior leader of the Egyptian terrorist group al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya and had been in regular contact with Sheikh Omar, al-Qaida second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri and other high-ranking Islamic militants. The report said that Shaaban was a veteran who fought against the Soviets in Afghanistan and had obtained political asylum in Italy in 1991.[130]

[1] Thomas Bodenheimer & Robert Gould. Rollback!: Right-wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy (South End Press, 1999). p. 82.

[2] C. Mohr. “Hearing on terror opens with warning on Soviet.” The New York Times (April 25, 1981).

[3] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 432 n. 497.

[4] John S. Friedman. “Culture War II.” The Nation (April 18, 1981).

[5] Stephen Dorril. “American Friends: the Anti-CND Groups.” Lobster 3 (1984).

[6] Fred Landis. “Disinformationgate.” Covert Action Information Bulletin (Number 27, Spring 1987).

[7] Stephen Dorril. “American Friends.”

[8] John S. Friedman. “Culture War II.” The Nation (April 18, 1981).

[9] John Ehrman. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1994 (Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 139-141.

[10] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 540.

[11] Robin Ramsay. Politics and Paranoia (Picnic Publishing, 20098) p. 145 n. 4.

[12] Ben Caspit. The Netanyahu Years (Macmillan, 2017), p. 15.

[13] Rafael Medoff. “Benzion Netanyahu’s role in U.S. politics.” Jewish Telegraphic Agency (April 30, 2012). Retrieved from https://www.jta.org/2012/04/30/politics/benzion-netanyahus-role-in-u-s-politics

[14] Kevin Toolis. “Rise of the terrorist professors.” New Statesman (June 14, 2004).

[15] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 525.

[16] Ibid., p. 211.

[17] Ibid., p. 90.

[18] Ibid., p. 211.

[19] Kevin Toolis. “Rise of the terrorist professors.” New Statesman (June 14, 2004).

[20] Ibid.

[21] Caroline B. Glick. “A return to Jacksonian Zionism” The Jerusalem Post (November 22, 2002).

[22] Hugo Gijsels. Netwerk Gladio (Leuven: Kritak, 1991). p. 126.

[23] Trento. Prelude to Terror, p. 98.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Turki bin Faisal Al Saud, February 2002, cited in Trento. Prelude to Terror, p. 102.

[26] Labeviere. Dollars for Terror. p. 143

[27] Ibid., p. 191.

[28] Ibid., p. 149.

[29] Jay Bushinsky. “Swiss Probe anti-US neo-Nazi Suspected Financial Ties to Al Qaeda.” San Fransico Chronicle (December 3, 2002).

[30] Alexandre Del Valle. “RFI : Débat entre Alexandre del Valle et Abdelwahab Meddeb.” www.alexandredelvalle.com (September 20, 2006).

[31] Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004), p. 104.

[32] Christopher Brown. “Global Nazism and the Muslim Brotherhood.” Retrieved from http://azanderson.org/anderson_report_geo_political_Global_Nazism_Muslim_Brotherhood_filesjuly_11.htm

[33] Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004), p. 104.

[34] John Follain. Jackal: the complete story of the legendary terrorist, Carlos the Jackal (Arcade Publishing, 1998). p. 138.

[35] Peter Wyden. The Hitler virus: the insidious legacy of Adolf Hitler (Arcade Publishing, 2001).

[36] Bernard Lewis. The Middle East and the West (New York: Cown Publishers, 2003), p.

99.

[37] Robert Dreyfuss. Devil’s Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005) p. 125.

[38] John Cooley. Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (London: Pluto Press, 2002), p. 5.

[39] Adam Curtis. “The Power of Nightmares.”

[40] Matthew Edwards, “The New Great Game and the new great gamers: disciples of Kipling and Mackinder.” Central Asian Survey (March, 2003) 22(1). pp. 83–103.

[41] Engdahl. A Century of War, p. 190.

[42] Jeffrey Steinberg. “War in Afghanistan spawned a global narco-terrorist force.” Executive Intelligence Review (October 13, 1995).

[43] Scott Thompson. “A Lexicon of ‘Brzezinski-isms’,” Executive Intelligence Review (April 9, 1999).

[44] Hunter,‎ Marshall &‎ Dale Scott. The Iran-Contra Connection, p. ix.

[45] Trento. Prelude to Terror, p, 134.

[46] John Byrne, Leigh Glover & Cecilia Martinez. Environmental Justice: Discourses in International Political Economy (Transaction Publishers, 2009). p. 43.

[47] Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi. The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why (London: I.B. Tauris, 1988) p. 104.

[48] Ibid., p. 104.

[49] Marshall, Dale Scott & Hunter. The Iran-Contra Connection, p. 74.

[50] Report of the President’s Special Review Board 1987, p. B-3.

[51] “The Iran Deception: REAGAN’S GREATEST CRISIS : CHAPTER 3: Enough to Make a Middleman Smile.” Los Angeles Times (28 December 1986).

[52] Marshall, Dale Scott & Hunter. The Iran-Contra Connection, p. 178.

[53] Report of the President’s Special Review Board 1987, p. B-3.

[54] “The Iran-Contra Scandal.” The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 7 June 2008.

[55] Laura Rozen and Jeet Heer. “The Front.” American Prospect (March 20, 2005).

[56] Ibid.

[57] James Risen. “How a Shady Iranian Deal Maker Kept the Pentagon’s Ear.” New York Times (December 7, 2003).

[58] Marshall, Dale Scott & Hunter. The Iran-Contra Connection, p. 14.

[59] Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi. The Israeli Connection, pp. 90-96.

[60] Peter Dale Scott & Jonathan Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America, Updated Edition (University of California Press, 1998). p. 87.

[61] David Pallister, David Beresford & Angela Johnson. “Guns, Goons, and Western Goals,” The Guardian (April 24, 1993).

[62] Scott Anderson & Jon Lee Anderson. Inside the League: The Shocking Expose of How Terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American Death Squads Have Infiltrated the World Anti-Communist League (New York, NY: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986).

[63] USA. “Committee for the Free World - Political Research Associates - Right Web.” Rightweb.irc-online.org.

[64] William H. Blanchard. Neocolonialism American Style, 1960-2000 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood) p, 196.

[65] Martin J. Rivers “A Wolf in Sheikhs Clothing: Bush Busniess Deals with 9 Partners of bin Laden’s Banker.” GlobalResearch.ca (27 March 2004).

[66] Jonathan Beaty. “A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes.” Time (June 24, 2001).

[67] Martin J. Rivers “A Wolf in Sheikhs Clothing.”

[68] Beaty. “A Mysterious Mover of Money and Planes.”

[69] Newsweek Staff. “The BCCI-CIA Connection: Just How Far Did it Go?” Newsweek (December 6, 1992). Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/bcci-cia-connection-just-how-far-did-it-go-195454

[70] Joel van der Reijden. “The 1001 Club: Bankers and Raw Materials Executives Striving for a Sustainable Future.” Institute for the Study of Globalization and Covert Politics (ISGP). Retrieved from https://isgp-studies.com/1001-club-of-the-wwf

[71] Teacher. Rogue Agents, p. 305.

[72] 1999, Adam Curtis. “The Mayfair Set” (BBC2).

[73] Sterling & Peggy Seagrave. Gold Warriors, p. 175.

[74] Jane Hunter. Israeli Foreign Affairs.

[75] Johnathan Beatty & S.C. Gwynne. The Outlaw Bank: a Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 346.

[76] Richard H. Curtiss. “What You Won’t Read About Michael Harari, Noriega Is Israeli Adviser Who Got Away”. Washington Report. February 1990. Retrieved from http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0290/9002005.htm

[77] Leonard Doyle. “Body of Solar cult leader ‘discovered in Switzerland’” Independent (October 10, 1994). Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/body-of-solar-cult-leader-discovered-in-switzerland-1442023.html

[78] Rodney Stich. Defrauding America: Encyclopedia of Secret Operations by the CIA, DEA and Other Covert Agencies. Quoted from Uri Dowbenko, “Book Review”, Conspiracy Digest. Retrieved from http://www.conspiracydigest.com/bookdefrauding.html

[79] Dowbenko. Book Review.

[80] “The Dirtiest Bank of All.” Time Magazine (July 29, 1991).

[81] Tom Morgenthau. “The CIA and BCCI.” Newsweek (August 11, 1991). Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/cia-and-bcci-202850

[82] Senator John Kerry & Senator Hank Brown. The BCCI Affair. 102d Congress 2d Session Senate Print 102-140 (December 1992). Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/TheBCCIAffair/page/n69/mode/2up

[83] Ibid.

[84] Ibid.

[85] Beaty & Gwynne. The Outlaw Bank, p. 229.

[86] Rivers “A Wolf in Sheikhs Clothing.”

[87] Ibid.

[88] Daniel Golden, et. al., “Bin Laden Family Could Profit from a Jump in U.S. Defense Spending Due to Ties to U.S. Banks.” Wall Street Journal, (September 27, 2001).

[89] Staff. “About the Bin Laden Family.” PBS Frontline.

[90] Whitney Webb. “‘From “Spook Air’ to the ‘Lolita Express’: The Genesis and Evolution of the Jeffrey Epstein-Bill Clinton Relationship” MintPress News (October 2, 2019). Retrieved from https://www.mintpressnews.com/genesis-jeffrey-epstein-bill-clinton-relationship/261455/

[91] “BCCI in the United States.” Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/06early.htm

[92] Webb. “‘From “Spook Air’ to the ‘Lolita Express’.”

[93] Retrieved from https://www.muckrock.com/foi/united-states-of-america-10/jackson-stephens-24420/#file-93170

[94] John Dee. “Snow Job: The CIA, Cocaine, and Bill Clinton -Part I.” The Lumpen Times.

[95] Daniel Hopsicker. “Barry & ‘the Boys’: Goss Made His ‘Bones’ on CIA Hit Team.” Mad Cow Morning New (May 6 2006).

[96] Richard Halloran. “A US Agency Used Plane Lost in Nicaragua.” New York Times (October 10, 1986).

[97] “Hasenfus Tempers Comments on CIA.” The New York Times (November 3, 1986).

[98] Howard Kohn & Vicki Monks. “The Dirty Secrets of George Bush.” Rolling Stone (November 3, 1998).

[99] Ibid.

[100] Richard Halloran. “A US Agency Used Plane Lost in Nicaragua.” New York Times (October 10, 1986).

[101] John Simkin. “Barry Seal.” Spartacus Educational (September 1997).

[102] “IN SUMMARY; Nicaragua Downs Plane and Survivor Implicates C.I.A.” New York Times (October 12, 1986).

[103] Richard Halloran. “A US Agency Used Plane Lost in Nicaragua.”

[104] Sally Denton and Roger Morris. “The Crimes of Mena.” Penthouse Magazine (July 1995).

[105] Dee. “Snow Job.”

[106] Radar Staff. “Presidential Paternity Cover-Up? Bill Clinton Confessed He’s NOT Chelsea Clinton’s Real Father, Claims Ex-Aide.” Radar (June 25, 2014).

[107] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. No. CR 92-72 CR-T-21(A) Date: August 28, 1996 STATEMENT AND DECLARATION. Retrieved from http://www.stewwebb.com/Gene_Tatum_Affadavit_19960815.html

[108] Rodney Stich. Drugging America: A Trojan Horse (Silverpeak Enterprises, 2007).

[109] Webb. “‘From “Spook Air’ to the ‘Lolita Express’.”

[110] Micah Morrison. “The Mena Coverup.” The Wall Street Journal (October 18. 1994). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20170815011718/http://www.idfiles.com/menacoverup.htm

[111] David Welna. “George H.W. Bush's Mixed Legacy In A Reagan-Era Scandal.” NPR (December 6, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674079779/george-h-w-bushs-mixed-legacy-in-a-reagan-era-scandal

[112] David Johnston. “Walsh Implies Bush Used Pardons to Avoid Testifying.” The New York Times (February 9, 1993). Retrieved April 18, 2019. Retrieved https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/09/us/walsh-implies-bush-used-pardons-to-avoid-testifying.html

[113] Thom Hartmann. “Cover-up Attorney General Bill Barr strikes again.” Salon (March 26, 2019). Retrieved from https://www.salon.com/2019/03/26/cover-up-attorney-general-bill-barr-strikes-again_partner/

[114] Ahmed Rashid. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale University Press, 2010); “Pakistan: How the ISI works,” The Guardian (Wednesday, August 5, 2009).

[115] “Jamaat-e-Islami’s True Colors,” News From North and South, (July 6, 2011).

[116] Dreyfuss. Devil’s Game, p. 167.

[117] Jouhina News. “Canadian Newspaper: Anwar Sadat was ‘CIA Asset’… Egypt Now is a Cornerstone for the United States” JP News.

[118] Jayshree Bajoria & Lee Hudson Teslik. “Profile: Ayman al-Zawahiri,” Council on Foreign Relations (July 14, 2011).

[119] Dreyfuss. Hostage to Khomeini, p. 133.

[120] Adam Curtis. The Power of Nightmares.

[121] Robert Friedman. “The CIA’s Jihad.” New Yorker Magazine (March 1995).

[122] Transcript of Paul DeRienzo’s interview with William Kunstler, Broadcast on WBAI in New York (August 3, 1993).

[123] Friedman. “The CIA’s Jihad.”

[124] Freidman. “The CIA and the Sheikh,” The Village Voice (March 30, 1993)

[125] Friedman. “The CIA’s Jihad.”

[126] “Al-Qaeda’s origins and links.” BBC News, (July 20, 2004); Labeviere, Richard. Dollars for Terror: The United States and Islam, p. 103.

[127] Steve Coll. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden (Penguin, 2005), p. 146.

[128] Ibid.

[129] Mark Sedgwick. Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004) p. 105.

[130] “Anwar Shaaban,” Global Jihad (Published April 21, 2009).

Volume Five

1. Team B

2. Secret Team

3. The Reagan Doctrine

4. Reaganomics

5. Second New Right

6. Project Monarch

7. Down Under

8. Sex, Lies and Wiretaps

9. Noosphere

10. Project Stargate

11. New Age

12. Psychic Warriors

13. Disclosure

14. Christofascism

15. The Clash of Civilizations

16. Black Order

17. Sacred Geopolitics

18. Third Secret of Fatima

19. Order of Eurasia