Putin’s Rasputin

On Yuzhinsky Lane in Moscow, lived Joseph Goldin, and there gathered a group of enthusiasts with the aim of organizing a Moscow branch of the Esalen Institute.[1] In the 1980s, with the collapse of the Soviet Union in sight, given the damage incurred by the CIA’s covert war in Afghanistan, Michael Murphy and his wife Dulce were instrumental in organizing the Soviet-American Exchange Program with Goldin, in order to provide a vehicle for citizen-to-citizen relations between Russians and Americans. Jim Garrison, a former president of the exchange program and a member of the Institute for Noetic Science (IONS),[2] took over as director of the program early in 1985, just a few months before Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Soviet Union’s Communist Party, and approved of Gorbachev and his reforming work in the Soviet Union.

Gorbachev himself endorsed the “Roerich idea,” which he had wished to use to revitalize a Soviet ideology. Gorbachev and his wife Raisa, who grew up in the Altai region, enjoyed a warm relationship with Roerich’s younger son, the artist Sviatoslav. Roerich’s prestige was raised to unprecedented levels in 1987 when at a meeting with Sviatoslav, Gorbachev began speaking with approval about the “Roerich idea,” praising the Roerich family as “cultural pillars” and “outstanding representatives of our country.” In 1989, Gorbachev, supported by Sviatoslav and the academician Dmitrii Likhachev, the government’s chief adviser on cultural affairs, allocated funds for the creation of a Soviet Roerich Foundation to locate and gather Roerich’s art, manuscripts, and belongings, and a Center-Museum to stimulate Roerich studies.[3]

In 1989, Esalen brought Boris Yeltsin on his first trip to the United States, and believe they were partly responsible for his conversion to capitalism, which brought about the fall of the Soviet Union.[4] Yeltsin was then responsible for bringing to power over Russia, hand-picked from relative obscurity, former KGB agent Vladimir Putin. As explained by Markus Osterrieder, describing the occult milieu that grew out of the influence of Nicholas Roerich in Russia:

The rich repertoire of facts, lies and rumors about occult politics and secret brotherhoods was rediscovered in the early 1990s among the ever-growing followers of the neo-Eurasians movement. Pre-eminent in this movement is the above-mentioned Aleksandr Dugin with his rather close links to both the European rightwingers and “esoteric traditionalists” (adepts of Saint-Yves, Papus, Evola, Guénon et al.), who began to spread the rumour about the alleged existence of a secret brotherhood Agartha in the ranks of the GRU. Franco-Romanian writer Jean Parvulesco (Pârvulescu) even added that Vladimir Putin had to be seen as an envoy of this order.[5]

Alexander Dugin, a man known as “Putin’s Rasputin,” was a leading member of a circle of artists and poets named the Yuzhinsky Circle, who gathered in the late 1950s and early 1960s, around the writer Yury Mamleev, whose apartment was also on Yuzhinsky Lane. There have been particular men or women of influence from the occult underground who have significantly shaped recent times. We will remember Edward Bulwer-Lytton, H.P. Blavatsky, Aleister Crowley, Papus, René Guénon and Julius Evola. Fifty years from now, historians of occult influence will likely add Alexander Dugin, the leading representative of Traditionalism today. As succinctly described by Robert Zubrin:

Men of action cut a large figure in the history books, but it is the ideas placed in their heads by men of thought that actually determine what they do. Thus the scribblings of mad philosophers can lead to the deaths of millions. As the modern-day heir to this tradition, Alexander Dugin bids fair to break the record.

Most Americans don’t know anything about Alexander Dugin. They need to, because Dugin is the mad philosopher who is redesigning the brains of much of the Russian government and public, filling their minds with a new hate-ridden totalitarian ideology whose consequences can only be catastrophic in the extreme, not only for Russia, but for the entire human race.[6]

Dugin is only three degrees of separation from Le Cercle, as his mentor was the GRECE member Jean Parvulesco, who in turn was a protégée of Raymond Abellio, a fellow architect of the Priory of Sion mythos, and who worked closely with Antoine Pinay, founder of the Bilderberg Group and Le Cercle.[7] To complete the circle, Dugin was a protegee of Gladio-linked associates like G.R.E.C.E. member Jean-François Thiriart, and his student Claudio Mutti, a friend of Luc Jouret, founder of the UFO religion and suicide cult, the Order of the Solar Temple.[8]

Dugin is the most recent representative of the political ideology of Eurasianism, which according to former KGB officer Konstantin Preobrazhensky, was developed by Soviet intelligence in the 1920s, and later popularized by Dugin after the Soviet collapse.[9] Effectively, Eurasianism developed at the beginning of the twentieth century, and can trace itself back to the Russian tradition of Martinism and Kabbalism, brought to Russia by Nikolay Novikov (1744 – 1818), a member of the Gold and Rosy Cross, headed at the time by Johann Christoph von Wöllner, who also belonged to the Asiatic Brethren.[10] Dugin and his counterparts in France and elsewhere are not merely avid students of the occult, but the current heirs and leaders of the synarhist tradition dating back to the Order of the Temple, the Martinism and Gnostic Church of Papus, and the Polaires Brotherhood.

A first rapprochement between the French and Russian branches of Martinism had been attempted by Robert Ambelain, who was was the leader of several initiatic orders closely linked with one another: the Martinist Order, the Rite of Memphis-Misraim, the Élus-Cohens, the Kabbalistic Order of the Rose+Cross (OKR+C), the Ecclesia Gnostica Apostolica and the Gnostic Catholic Apostolic Church, originally known as Église gnostique universelle, of the Martinist Order. In 1968, Ambelain left Philippe Encausse’s Martinist Order and dissolved his own Ordre des Elus Cohen, and founded the Ordre Martiniste Initiatique (“Initiatic Martinist Order”), a Martinist order established within the bosom of the Rite of Memphis-Mizraim, and based on a Russian tradition from Novikov. The OMI claimed to represents an “esoteric school” based upon the teachings of Martinez de Pasqually, Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, and Eliphas Lévi.[11] Pierre Plantard, who was behind the Priory of Sion hoax, introduced Ambelain to Henry Lincoln, who went on to co-write The Holy Blood, Holy Grail, which inspired Dan Brown’s The Davinci Code.[12]

Dugin’s links to French Martinism were established through his collaboration with Christian Bouchet, a French far-right journalist and politician, following his visit to Moscow at the beginning of 1993. Bouchet, who was born in 1955 into a radical-right family with strong Vichy and OAS links, had been associated with the Nouvelle Droite.[13] He has also been described as “one of the principal promoters of satanic thought in France.”[14] Commenting on the relationship between Satanism and the extreme right, French sociologist Paul Ariès observed:

Effectively, why is there connivance between, on the one part, these extreme right groups, and on the other part, these Satanist networks? It is, ultimately, a common foundation of anti-egalitarians, or a cult of the superman. For them, the society is rotten. But, we have to probe the depths of that rot. That is, it is necessary to lead as much as possible to the destruction of society. It is necessary that evil be performed, in order to lead to a good society.[15]

It was Bouchet who started Dugin’s interest in Aleister Crowley. Calling himself “Frater Marcion,” Bouchet is a high initiate of Memphis-Misraim, who claimed to be the head of the OTO in France.[16] Bouchet was involved in the Groupe de Thèbes, founded in 1990, which used to meet at the French Grand Orient, and made up exclusively of leaders of various “Orders.” The group derived from the Arc-en-ciel (“Rainbow”) formed in 1988 by Remi Boyer, a former member of AMORC.[17] The group was officially a Rose+Croix chapter of the Universal Orient of Traditional Rites (O∴U∴R∴T∴), connected to the Russian tradition of Martinism. The Group of Thebes referred to themselves secretly as the Ordre Hermetique de la Rose+Croix et de la Rose (“Hermetic Order of the Rose+Croix and of the Rose), or simply Ordo, and outwardly as the Societas Rosae et Aurae Crucis. The purpose of the order was to pursue the study of alchemy, or what it referred to as “The Path of Cinnabar,” a reference of Julius Evola’s autobiography. Its rituals were to be three ancient Rosicrucian and Masonic rituals.[18]

According to one source, the main goal of this federation was a perpetuation of the Universal Federation of Initiatic Orders and Societies (FUDOSI), a federation of traditional Rosicrucian and Martinist orders, originating from Papus, Péladan, Stanislas de Guaita and the Ordre abbalistique de la Rose+Croix (OKR+C).[19] The Groupe de Thèbes included Gerard Kloppel, who succeeded Robert Ambelain as international Grand Master of Memphis-Misraim. Also included were Robert Amadou, a French author who played an important role in the dissemination of parapsychology in France. Amadou was associated with the alchemist Eugène Canseliet, believed to have been Fulcanelli, and also Paul Le Cour of the Hiéron du Val d’Or, who had initiated into the Église Catholique Gnostique by Victor Blanchard, the Grand Master of the Polaires Brotherhood and who inspired Pierre Plantard in the formulation of the Priory of Sion hoax. Amadou was also associated with Ambelain, who inspired the authors of The Holy Blood Holy Grail with his theories of a bloodline descended from Jesus.[20] The group also included another friend of Plantard, Raymond Bernard, Grand Master of AMORC who was initiated into the Traditional Martinist Order (OMT) by a friend of Ambelain, and become involved in the founding of the Order of the Solar Temple.[21]

According to Dugin, his mentor Jean Parvulesco—whose range of friends included Ezra Pound and Julius Evola to Raymond Abellio and Arno Breker—was acquainted with “the representatives of an ‘occult, parallel history’ – mystics, outstanding masons, kabbalists, esoterists, secret agents of various special services, ideologists, politicians and artists.”[22] Parvulesco’s ideas shared many themes with those of Miguel Serrano, in particular his obsession with the Black Sun, the Green Ray, National Socialism and sexual yoga.[23] The Black Sun is a term coined by Wilhelm Landig for the symbol of a wheel of twelve sig runes found on the floor of the General’s at Wewelsburg Castle designed by Himmler’s SS, the original Black Oder. Originally, the black sun, is a symbol for Lucifer, is the “nocturnal Sun” identified with Saturn, or Kronos, and worshipped as the malevolent aspect of the dying-god, like the lion-headed god of Mithraism.

R.P. Martin’s 1984 book, Le Renversement ou la Boucane contre l'Ordre Noir ou (“The Reversal or The Smoke Against the Black Order”), tells of the discovery in 1971 of a group of ex-Nazis working behind the scenes for world domination called the Black Order. It maintains a worldwide network of bases from which it destabilizes Western nations through terrorism, the encouragement of vice and of racism. In La Conspiracion de Noces Polaires, Parvulesco wrote:

Soldiers already lost in a war that becomes ever more total, ever more occult, we bear at the very edges of this world the spiritual arms and the most enigmatic destiny of military honors from the Beyond. In the ranks, both visible and invisible, of the Black Order to which we belong, those whom death has struck down march on side by side with those who are still standing.[24]

In Operation Orb, Jean Robin, one of the foremost authorities on René Guénon, supplemented the myth of Nazi UFOs in Antarctica, based supposedly on evidence of a friend who claimed that there was found the new Asgard or Agartha, the headquarters of the Black Order, where 350,000 initiates await “Him Who Shall Come.” According to the book, Hitler died in a subterranean retreat in 1953, and his body is enshrined side by side with that of Raoul Wallenburg, the Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Hungarian Jews during WWII. This apparent contradiction, Robin’s friend was made to understand, was not perceived as a conflict of interest by the Jewish members of the Black Order, who blame their fellow Jews for their “refusal to collaborate” with the evolutionary process.[25]

Parvulesco expressed his allegiance to a “supreme, transcendental center of the Black Order,… the philosophical snows of the imperial, immaculate, and the most hermetic Asgärd.”[26] According to Parvulesco, the SS were merely an imitation of this true Black Order, to which the highest initiates belong.[27] In his last work, Star of an Invisible Empire, which he referred to as “a most secret and dangerous initiation novel,” Parvulesco describes servants of “Aquarius,” who are trying to present their plan as the forefront of evolution, under the catchwords New Age and New World Order.[28] But, fighting against Aquarius are the representatives of a secret Western order called Atlantis Magna. They organize a resistance against the “New World Order,” Americanism, and liberalism, and weave a planetary conspiracy with the participation of all political forces in opposition to globalization. Underground groups, social-revolutionaries, descendants of aristocratic families opposed to “democracy,” members of the Italian mafia, Gaullists and admirers of Franco, Third World revolutionaries, shamans of America and Asia, communist leaders, German bankers—all of them become participants in the geopolitical project, directed towards the creation of the Final Event of History, the appearance of the Regnum Sacrum or Imperium Sacrum, the Great Eurasian Empire of the End.

Yuzhinsky Circle

Dugin was born in Moscow into the family of a high-ranking Soviet military intelligence officer, and continues to have close ties to the Kremlin and Russian military.[29] After finishing high school with mediocre academic achievement, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute, but quit due to either poor results, or because of an arrest connected with dissident activities. Another biography asserts that after his expulsion from the school, he started working in a KGB archive, where he gained access to and read large amounts of forbidden literature on Masonry, fascism and paganism.[30] A self-taught polyglot, he became an avid reader of a large array of works in his fields of interest, from Middle Age and Renaissance European authors to Oriental Studies—translating to Russian from English, French, and German in some instances—and also the writings of Evola and Guénon.

Religious Traditionalism, Conservatism, Hermeticism and poetry were topics followed closely by Dugin, and a group formed with philosophers/thinkers who were also interested in Traditionalism: Gaydar Jamal, Evgeniy Golovin, Yuri Mamleev, Vladimir Stepanov, and Sergey Jigalkin. The Yuzhinsky Circle had originally been established in search of all forms of occult knowledge, starting with yoga and Sufism, but had gradually come to concentrate on the work of George Gurdjieff. The Yuzhinsky Circle called themselves “sexual mystics” or “metaphysics” and not only studied esoteric literature and recited their own writings, but as some witnesses and scholars have confirmed, they also experimented with practices of excessively amoral behavior and acted out what some have described as a “poetics of monstrosity.”[31] Other salons called them “Satanists.”[32]

The circle had a strong influence not only on several of today’s well-known writers—for example, Vladimir Sorokin and Viktor Erofeev—but also on mystical ideologists of Russian neo-Fascism, namely, Alexander Dugin and Gaydar Jamal, who today have become part of official politics. Mamleev has been called “a representative of the aesthetics of evil,” and describes in his cryptic novels scenes of human perversion and degradation.[33] Though Mamleev was forgotten in his home, Russia, he came to be recognized in the West as one of the foremost Russian writers and thinkers. Written in 1966, the mystical novel The Sublimes is one of Mamleev’s most famous works. Its protagonist, Fyodor Sonnov, commits a series of murders with the aim of penetrating the mystery of the victim’s soul, and hence the hereafter, to learn the eternal secret of death by “empirical” means.[34]

In the 1950s, Mamleev discovered the Western classics of occult writing in Moscow’s Lenin Library: Evola, Eliphas Lévi, Papus, Blavatsky, Steiner, Gurdjieff, Ouspensky and Carl Jung. Having been forced to emigrate in 1975, Mamleev went first to the United States where he taught at Cornell University and, in 1983, to France where he taught at the Sorbonne. Mamleev promptly became one of the mediators between the Eastern and Western occult underground by contributing to and helping smuggle the journal Okkul’tizm i ioga [“Occultism and Yoga”] into Russia.[35] The journal was founded in 1933 by Alexander Aseev, a correspondent of Nicholas Roerich, and was published under the close supervision of Roerich’s wife, Helena.[36]

The Circle’s core group also discussed banned books they could obtain, in particular those dealing with metaphysics, Hermeticism, Gnosticism, Kabbalah, magic and astrology. In the 1950s and 1960s, Western esoteric works were not classified as politically subversive and were still freely available at the Lenin Library. Only later were they added to the “special collection” of prohibited books (spetskhran) began spreading through some underground salons. Gurdjieff became one of the fashionable authors of the time. Vladimir Stepanov was also in contact with Gurdjieffians abroad, including former MI6 agent John G. Bennett and Idris Shah. Mamleev himself published several articles on Buddhism, Hinduism and the Western New Age and helped circulate it in the Soviet Union.[37]

Mamleev is often put forward as the first to introduce into the Soviet Union unknown European of Traditionalists such as Guénon and Evola.[38] Golovin, Mamleev’s main disciple, became the group’s new leader in his absence. Golovin had a reputation as a master alchemist with a fascination for the Third Reich. In the early 1960s, Golovin reportedly discovered the founding work of “fantastic realism,” the Morning of the Magicians, by GRECE members Jacques Bergier and Gurdjieff student Louis Pauwels. It was in that work that Golovin first discovered the ideas of René Guénon.[39] Golovin soon discovered Guénon’s seminal 1927 work, The Crisis of the Modern World, in the Lenin Library. Inspired by Guénon’s portrayal of alchemy as a “traditional cosmological,” Golovin studied medieval and early modern alchemical works and authors, by Splendor Solis, Sendivogius, John Dee, Eiraneus Philalethes, Leibniz, and the Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, as well as, Golovin claims, “all the literature written on this topic [alchemy] in the 20th century.”[40] However, it was Evola’s 1931 La tradizione ermetica (“The Hermetic Tradition”) that introduced Golovin to Evola, whom he in turn introduced to the Yuzhinsky Circle.[41] Dugin claims that Golovin was the first in Russia to read Evola.[42]

Inspired by the revelations in The Morning of the Magicians about Nazi occultism, Golovin also derived his infamous “lifelong great sympathy for Nazi aesthetics.”[43] He published under the pseudonym Aleksandr Shternberg, probably a reference to the “Mad Baron” von Ungern-Sternberg. Golovin was “completely obsessed with the Third Reich, seeing in it a monstrous and mystical yin to humanity’s yang.”[44] Golovin founded the internal “Black Order of the SS,” of which he reportedly called himself the Führer when the Yuzhinsky Circle moved to his own apartment.[45] Golovin told them to wear Nazi paraphernalia, and hung a picture of Hitler on his wall. “There was nothing anti-Semitic about it,” clarified one of his followers. “There were lots of Jews at these gatherings. We would all shout ‘Sieg Heil’ and ‘Heil Hitler’ and all we meant was ‘down with the Soviet power!’”[46]

Dugin later spoke of the circle as “the true masters of the Moscow esoteric elite.”[47] It was actually Gaydar Jamal, a Muscovite of Azerbaijani origin, who would take Dugin as his disciple and initiate him into the circle in 1980. Both Golovin and Jamal referred to three authors as having a structural influence on their ideological evolution: Claudio Mutti, Miguel Serrano, and Mircea Eliade. In the late 1960’s, Jamal used contacts in Paris to have a nearly complete collection of Guénon’s work sent to Moscow, and in the 1980’s he was reportedly close to “some French diplomatic personnel who transported forbidden books through the diplomatic pouch.”[48] Within a year of joining the circle, Dugin reportedly translated into Russian Evola’s 1933 Pagan Imperialism followed by Evola’s 1961 Ride the Tiger. Jamal would later share that he discovered “Nazi mysticism” through Armin Mohler’s famous 1972 Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland 1918-1932, which features sections on Guido von List, Liebenfels, Sebottendorf, and SS member Herman Wirth, the co-founder of the Ahnenerbe with Himmler, who influenced Evola.[49]

By the time Dugin joined the circle, “excess in all forms” had become the norm, which according to Dugin, was also a form of revolt. As well as the consumption of significant quantities of alcohol and drugs, this excess included sexual experimentation. Explorations into depravity and debauchery, similar to some of Aleister Crowley’s practices with the Golden Dawn, were part of the experimentation to which the members contributed, in the belief that:

Only in the depth of the total underground, behind closed curtains, a new free and independent consciousness will be born [… ] in this situation with all its deviances, despair and departure from everything out-side—an impossible literature will emerge, a literature worthy of Russia!—even if it is monstrous at first sight! (…) From the depth of the deepest abasement it shall rise![50]

In 1987, during Perestroika, on Golovin’s advice, Dugin joined the notorious Russian Neo-Nazi, Orthodox Christian organization Pamyat—Moscow’s major independent ultra-nationalist organization—at that time headed by Dmitrii Vasilev. Having served at the Central Council of Pamyat in 1988–1989, Dugin and Jamal, however, left the organization after a conflict with Vasilev, who denounced Dugin as a “kike-mason.”[51]

Beginning in the late 1980s, Dugin began a period of outreach to the Nouvelle Droite, meeting a number of ultra-nationalist European publicists, including Alain de Benoist, Jean-François Thiriart, Claudio Mutti and Robert Steukers. Benoist, reported Charles Clover in Black Wind, White Snow, “recalls being struck by how remarkably well informed the Russian [Dugin] was about what was being published in the West [and] seemed to have read almost everything de Benoist had ever written.”[52] Steukers’ mentor was GRECE member Armin Mohler.[53] Steukers was the first to introduce Dugin to National Bolshevism.[54]

In Templars of the Proletariat, Dugin explored National Bolshevism, tracing its various origins, such as Orthodox mysticism and the idea of the Third Rome, and also acknowledged Western influences like Guy Debord, the founder of the Situationist International, and Aleister Crowley.In 1994, together with fellow nationalist intellectual Eduard Limonov, Dugin founded the National Bolshevik Party (NBP), which he called a “political art project.”[55] Limonov was drawn to punk subculture and radical politics. He lived for a time in New York, where his acquaintances included Studio 54’s Steve Rubell, and a Trotskyist group, the Socialist Workers Party, to which James Burnham had belonged.[56] The National Bolsheviks, with Dugin as their main ideologist, tried to bring Aleister Crowley’s ideas into popularity with the wider masses in Russia. Dugin refers positively to Crowley’s legacy, placing him within the larger context of Traditionalism by referring to the link between Crowley and Evola, and specifically to the fact that the two had a common friend: Arturo Reghini, founder of the Ur Group, which also included Mircae Eliade and Maria de Naglowska.[57]

In later life, Jean-Francois Thiriart, GRECE member and developer of the Third Position, worked closely with Dugin and moved towards National Bolshevism. Dugin also met with members of the Spanish Thule group, successor to the defunct neo-Nazi organization CEDADE, the neo-Nazi group founded in the 1960’s by Spanish members of Thiriart’s Jeune Europe and closely associated with Leon Degrelle.[58] Dugin met members of the Thule Group and in 1991 published the Russian version of volume 1 of Hiperbórea, which he entitled Giperborea.[59] When Thiriart died in 1992, Dugin wrote a long obituary praising him as “the Last Hero of Europe.”[60]

Order of the Nine Angles

Dugin was also connected to Kerry Bolton, a New Zealand writer, political activist and leading figure of an international Satanic Nazi underground.[61] Being the international distributor for the Order of Nine Angles (O9A), Bolton had connections to other Neo-Nazi Satanist groups. According to Connell Monette, the O9A may include as many as two thousand members, making it the largest Satanist organization in the world.[62] The O9A surfaced around 1970, when “Anton Long,” according to his own account, was initiated into a Wiccan coven and later became its leader, transforming it into a Satanist movement. Long was the pseudonym of the British neo-Nazi activist David Myatt. At the age of sixteen, Myatt made contact with a coven and later joined secret groups in London practicing the magic of the Golden Dawn and Aleister Crowley. In 1968, he joined the British Movement (BM), a member organization of WUNS. Later called the British National Socialist Movement (BNSM), BM was started by WUNS co-founder Colin Jordan, for whom Myatt became a bodyguard. Myatt was impressed by Jordan’s writings on National Socialism and was also introduced by Jordan to the writings of Savitri Devi.[63]

From the 1970s until the 1990s, Myatt was involved with paramilitary and neo-Nazi organizations such as Column 88 and Combat 18. Column 88 was founded by former Major Ian Souter Clarence, with the help of the Security Services.[64] As the eighth letter of the alphabet is 8, 88 stands a code for “Heil Hitler.” The origins of Column 88 have been dated to as early as 1945. Gerry Gable has claimed that Colin Jordan was initiated into this secret society at the age of nineteen.[65] According to at least two reports, Column 88, was connected Gladio. According to one of the reports, Clarence “helped set up Column 88 in the 1960s as the British section of Gladio.”[66] Column 88 also had links to the League of St. George, was formed around 1974 as a political club by Odinist Keith Thompson and Mike Griffin as a breakaway from the Action Party, founded by Oswald Mosley. Adopting the emblem of the Arrow Cross, the League sought to forge links with like-minded groups in Europe, like the Vlaamse Militanten Orde in Belgium, and the National States' Rights Party (NSRP) in the United States.[67] According to Clive Bloom, Clarence’s German connections also linked him to Palestinian terrorists in Lebanon and subsequent attacks in West Germany which included the Munich Oktoberfest bombing of the 1980.[68]

In 1973, Maytt met a woman who led the O9A, a small Wicca group into which he introduced satanism and Nazism. The O9A praise Nazi Germany as “a practical expression of Satanic spirit… a burst of Luciferian light—of zest and power—in an otherwise Nazarene, pacified, and boring world.”[69] Inspired by his reading of Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (1933–61), Myatt introduces the idea of “aeons,” which he identified with the successive epochs of major civilizations, culminating with the Universal State or Imperium of the West, which Myatt associates with a Nazi revival, to occur between 1990 and 2011, and last until 2390.[70]

A special and important entity for the O9A is Vindex, who is not a god but a messiah or Antichrist, who will soon appear and usher in a New Age, and establish the Imperium. Vindex would lead the struggle against the “Magians,” a term borrowed by and other neo-Nazis, following the example of Francis Parker Yockey, from Oswald Spengler, to refer to the Jews and the Christians. In his prophecy of the Imperium, Vindex: The Destiny of the West (1984), Myatt denounces contributions of the Jews, “the last representatives of the decayed Magian soul,” as including Marxist communism, Freudian psychoanalysis, the social sciences, modern art, atonal music, and the counterculture of the 1960s, all in direct contradiction with the Faustian ethos of the West.[71]

The O9A advocates a spiritual path in which practitioners are required to break societal taboos by isolating themselves from society, committing crimes, embracing political extremism and violence, and carrying out acts of human sacrifice. According to Myatt, “Traditionally, sacrifice falls into three types: the voluntary, the involuntary and the sacrifice resulting from those events which groups or orders may (through magick or otherwise) bring about to alter history. Wars fall into this third category.”[72] The involuntary a victim is chosen by a group or temple and always sacrificed to propitiate the goddess Baphomet on the spring equinox.[73] Voluntary sacrifice occurs every seventeen years in traditional groups as part of the great Ceremony of Recalling, an invocation to the Dark Gods, a notion derived from H.P. Lovecraft.[74]

Although occult scholars attribute the concept of “Nine Angles” to the Church of Satan, the O9A deny the connection and offer a different meaning, equating it with the nine emanations of the divine.[75] The number recounts the Nine of the Brotherhood Polaires, or the Council of Nine contacted by Andrija Puharich on behalf of the CIA, or UFO contactee George Hunt Williamson, and eventually the Esalen Institute. Similarly, the Gladio-linked orders of the Solar Temple were traced back to the so-called “Arginy Renaissance,” when French esoteric author Jacques began to communicate with The Nine at Arginy, identifying them with the souls of the nine founding knights of the Knights Templar.[76]

Myatt was the first leader of the British National Socialist Movement (BNSM), and he was identified by The Observer as the “ideological heavyweight” behind Combat 18, a neo-Nazi organization associated with Blood and Honour, composed of white power skinheads.[77] Combat 18’s name is derived from the initials of Adolf Hitler, or A and H being the first and eighth letters of the alphabet. Myatt converted to Islam in 1998, and became a staunch advocate of “Jihad, suicide missions and killing Jews…” and also “an ardent defender of bin Laden.”[78] According to Myatt himself, in the autumn of 2010, he publicly “move[d] away from the Way of Al-Islam and back to my own weltanschauung which I have termed both The Numinous Way and The Philosophy of The Numen.”[79]

Siege

It has been reported that the O9A is linked to a number of high-profile figures from the far right and shares members with neo-Nazi terrorist groups such as Atomwaffen Division and proscribed National Action, Sonnenkrieg Division and Nordic Resistance Movement. The Atomwaffen Division (Atomwaffen meaning “nuclear weapons” in German), also known as the National Socialist Order, is an international right-wing extremist and Neo-Nazi terrorist network. Formed in 2015 and based in the Southern United States, it has since expanded across the country as well as into the UK, Canada, Germany, the Baltic states, and other European countries. It is listed as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), and it is also designated as a terrorist group by multiple governments, including the UK and Canada.

Atomwaffen explicitly advocates neo-Nazism, drawing a significant amount of influences from American Nazi Party and National Socialist Liberation Front member James Mason’s newsletter Siege, a mid-1980s newsletter of the National Socialist Liberation Front. In 1968, when he was 16, Mason planned to murder the principal and other staff members at his high school, but following the advice of William Luther Pierce, he quit school and began working at the American Nazi Party’s headquarters in Virginia. After the assassination of George Lincoln Rockwell in 1967, Mason aligned himself with the National Socialist White People’s Party and Joseph Tommasi’s National Socialist Liberation Front (NSLF). The name was originally used by the NSWPP’s college student group, whose most well-known member was David Duke. Tommasi frequently found himself at odds with Rockwell’s successor, Matt Koehl, the leader of World Union of National Socialists (WUNS). Koehl objected to Tommasi’s radical viewpoints, as well as his personal habits, which included smoking marijuana, wearing long hair. These led to Tommasi being ejected from the NSWPP in 1973.[80]

In 1982, along with Charles Manson, Mason founded Universal Order, an organization that encouraged terror with notoriety, similar to that achieved by the Manson Family.[81] Siege became the official publication of this new group, which paid tribute to Adolf Hitler, Joseph Tommasi, Charles Manson, and Savitri Devi.[82] In the pages of Siege, Mason argued for sabotage, mass killings, and assassinations of high-profile targets to destabilize and destroy the current society, seen as a system upholding a Jewish and multicultural New World Order. Mason also started cheering on armed attacks by Communists, as well as black and other revolutionary racial nationalists, which were common in the 1970s and 1980s.[83]

Order of the Left Hand Path

In 1978, Bolton joined the National Front of New Zealand (NZNF), an initiative of John Tyndall of the British National Front, formed in 1977. Following a quarrel with other members of the Temple of Set, Bolton founded the Order of the Left Hand Path (OLHP) in 1990, based around the ideas of Nietzsche, Jung, and Spengler.[84] The creation of the OLHP was announced in through the first issue of a new magazine published by Bolton, The Watcher, named after the Fallen Angels of the Book of Enoch. “Our journal, Bolton explained in the first issue of The Watcher, is named in honour of the fabled Order of the Watchers who, under the leadership of Azazel, and at the instigation of Satan, rebelled against the tyrant-god Jehovah, descending to earth to establish familial relations with the ‘daughters of man’.” Citing Bakunin, Bolton identified Satan as “the first free-thinker and Saviour of the world.”[85]

Between 1990 and 1992, Bolton published eleven issues of The Watcher. The first issues advertised books distributed by the Church of Satan and included several references to its founder Anton LaVey. Bolton, however, called for a new Satanism, to be founded instead on the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. His case was developed in Bolton’s new magazine, The Heretic, which replaced The Watcher in 1992. The Watcher had dealt occasionally with political issues, mostly to criticize the official support for the so-called “Satanic Panic” that was developing in New Zealand and led in 1992 to Christchurch Civic Creche trial and the arrest of Peter Ellis, a child-care worker accused of sexually abusing children within the context of Satanic rituals. The Heretic, on the other hand, frequently dealt with political issues, fascism, and Nazism.

In 1994, Bolton’s OLHP was renamed the Ordo Sinistra Vivendi (“Order of the Left Way”). After a schism, it was renamed the Order of Deorc Fyre under the direction of Thorsten Moar, and in the same year Bolton created the Black Order of Pan Europa. The name was a reference to the SS, and like many neo-Nazi organizations, it adopted the Black Sun motif from Wewelsburg Castle as its emblem.[86] In 1995, the anti-fascist Searchlight organization, following an investigation, described the Black Order as part of a functioning international Occult-Fascist Axis.[87] The name “Black Order” was then adopted by ideologically similar groups around the world, which had no formal connection to Bolton’s group. Kaplan and Weinberg described the Black Order as “a remarkably influential purveyor of National Socialist-oriented occultism throughout the world.”[88]

National Anarchism

Bolton became associated with Troy Southgate, a self-described National-Anarchist affiliated with the International Third Position, and the Front National (FN), which he joined in 1984. Southgate had also been a traditionalist Catholic for many years, having joined Marcel Lefebvre’s Society of St Pius X (SSPX).[89] Southgate, who has a degree in theology and religious studies from Canterbury University, rejected Catholicism and moved towards neo-paganism and groups who are “very loyal to the Gods of the Northern Tradition,” including the Odinic Rite, the Tribe of the Wulfings and the Asatru Alliance, a pagan movement concerned with practicing rituals and magic and led by Valguard (Mike) Murray, a former member of the American Nazi Party.

Southgate is the founder and editor-in-chief of Black Front Press, a publisher of neo-Nazi works, and follows the radical Traditionalism of Evola, particularly Evola’s “spiritual racism.” To Southgate, the ancient “Aryan” cult of Mithras is an expression of the “European spirituality, culture and identity.” Southgate advocated a “tribal and organic” Indo-European “ethnic heritage,” extending from Europe to Iran, Afghanistan, India and Tibet, which offered a racial defense against the “quagmire” of globalization and failing national borders. Added to this “spiritual racism” was Jung’s concept of the “collective subconscious,” which provided the NRF with further evidence of the existence of a “primeval Aryan psyche.”[90] In this respect Southgate admired Heinrich Himmler’s activity at Wewelsburg Castle as “one of the most significant developments in modern history,” which had contributed to a “deeper” occult understanding of race.[91]

Formed by Southgate in 1998, the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) is a “national-anarchist” group, reflecting Southgate’s increasingly occult and esoteric interest. In contrast to the International Third Position, the reactionary Catholic fascist organization from which it emerged, the NRF promotes a radical anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist “anarchist’ agenda of autonomous rural communities within a decentralized, pan-European framework. The concept is derived from Southgate’s interest in Hakim Bey (Peter Lamborn Wilson), who developed the notion of Temporary Autonomous Zones (TAZ).[92] The NRF has attempted to move “beyond left and right,” transcending the traditional limits of national-Bolshevism, to forge a seemingly incongruous synthesis of fascism and anarchism. The key to this seeming contradiction is the older paradigm drawn from the Conservative Revolution, the Anarch, a sovereign whose independence allows him to “turn in any direction,” a concept that reached its fullest expression in Ernst Jünger’s novel Eumeswil.[93] In this respect “national-anarchism” synthesized all opposition against a single enemy: global liberal capitalism operating as a front for the “shadowy financiers” of the Trilateral Commission and the Bilderberg Group, and therefore “International Zionism.”[94]

Geopolitically, Southgate has shifted away from the older paradigms of Europe as a “third way,” gravitating towards the esoteric National-Bolshevism advocated by Parvulesco and Dugin, and their pursuit of a “Paris-Berlin-Moscow” axis. Towards this Eurasian ideology, Southgate founded the Liaison Committee for Revolutionary Nationalism (LCRN) in early 1993 to unite the American Front, Canada’s National Liberation Front and Kerry Bolton’s National Destiny in New Zealand. In 1998 the LCRN merged with Christian Bouchet’s European Liberation Front (ELF), which was inspired by Otto Strasser, Jean-François Thiriart and Francis Parker Yockey—after whose original organization the ELF was named.[95] Southgate’s LCRN was affiliated with Bolton’s Black Order of Pan Europa. The Black Order later split with the North American faction and emerged, with Bolton’s blessing, as the White Order of Thule (WOT), a formative influence on Southgate.[96]

Black Metal

Along with like-minded musicians, Southgate sought to diffuse the ideals of Mithraic paganism and Nordic folk myths into music-orientated youth cultures. The close links between the National Renaissance Party (NRP) and the Temple of Set’s parent organization, the Church of Satan, cultivated an alliance that led the way for the recent emergence of a violent, international fringe network devoted to Nazi Satanic rituals, Nordic paganism, black magic, and occultism. David Myatt, chief representative of this trend, and of Nazi Satanism in Great Britain, praises a new wave of satanic black metal skinhead bands.[97] In black metal music, Nazi ideas are packaged along with those of Nietzsche and mixed with the Satanic Black Mass, and Aleister Crowley’s magick. Influenced by Miguel Serrano, these groups advocate the anti-modern neo-tribalism and “Traditionalism” found in the “paganism” inspired by Julius Evola. Southgate’s movement has been described as working to:

Through its print and online publications, the NRF seeks to utilize its unique ideological position to exploit a burgeoning counter culture of industrial heavy metal music, paganism, esotericism, occultism and Satanism that, it believes, holds the key to the spiritual reinvigoration of western society ready for an essentially Evolian revolt against the culturally and racially enervating forces of American global capitalism.”[98]

Kerry Bolton created and edited the Black Order newsletter, The Flaming Sword, which was succeeded by The Nexus, which later changed its name to Western Destiny, and covered the ideas of Savitri Devi, Julius Evola, and Ezra Pound, and particularly catered to the Black metal movement. The Nexus, subtitled the “Journal of the Kulturkampf, Realpolitik, Esoterrorism,” featured in-depth interviews with Charles Manson, Michael Moynihan, David Myatt, Kadmon, Christian Bouchet, and Miguel Serrano. Moynihan, who was frequently identified as a fascist or neo-fascist by some critics and fans, is the founder of the music group Blood Axis, the music label Storm Records and the publishing company Dominion Press. Moynihan collaborated with New Age publishing house Inner Traditions in the publication of Evola’s Men Among the Ruins. After reading Nietzsche’s The Anti-Christ, Moynihan became interested in Charles Manson and the Californian Church of Satan.

Although James Mason’s Siege stopped publishing in 1986, Moynihan edited the newsletters into the book of the same name, published in 1993.[99] Siege also attracted the attention of Boyd Rice, a close friend of Anton LaVey and a former High Priest of the Church of Satan, who collaborated with Moynihan and Parfrey, as well as Tony Wakeford of Sol Invictus. Rice founded the Social Darwinist think-tank called the Abraxas Foundation—named after the ancient Gnostic demon—along with co-founder Nikolas Schreck, who married LaVey’s daughter Zeena. Rice has documented the writings of Charles Manson in his role as contributing editor of Schreck’s The Manson File, a thorough study of Manson’s philosophy, music and spiritual ideas.

Another co-founder of the Abraxas Foundation was a protégée of H. Keith Thompson, Keith Stimely, who would later work with Parfrey.[100] In June 1982, Stimely joined the editorial staff of The Journal of Historical Review, published by Willis Carto’s Institute for Historical Review (IHR). During his lifetime, Stimely compiled a great deal of information about Francis Parker Yockey, some of which appeared in Kevin Coogan’s detailed 1999 biography of Yockey, Dreamer of the Day. David McCalden, a British neo-Nazi, who served as the first executive director of IHR, had a falling-out with Carto and started to expose the organization in 1984. Rumors began circulating about a “gay Nazi cult” inside the IHR that allegedly included Stimely, who died of AIDS in 1992, as would McCalden a few years later.[101]

Austrian industrial musician Kadmon (Gerhard Petak), who is named after the Kabbalistic name for Enoch, has attracted an English and German-speaking following through his tracts on themes of paganism, mysteries and fascism in the Aorta series. Topics have included Kenneth Anger’s film Lucifer Rising, the Romanian fascist leader Corneliu Codreanu, the occult curiosity of the SS as represented by Otto Rahn’s quest for the Holy Grail at Montségur, the ancient cult of Mithras, and Nazi mystic Karl-Maria Wiligut on matters of ancient Germanic paganism. Individual tracts have also been devoted to Moynihan and Blood Axis. Kadmon’s logo is also the Black Sun.

Rice also had connections with neo-Nazi leaders Tom Metzger of the White Aryan Resistance and Bob Heick of the American Front (AF), a white supremacist organization founded in San Francisco, California, in 1984, and intended as an umbrella organization for all American skinheads.[102] Modeled after the British National Front, the AF developed ties to larger political network from Australia to Belgium, Canada to Spain, France, and England that would take the name European Liberation Front (ELF). Many of these groups organized under national-Bolshevik ideas that the world should be organized into ethno-states in a federated ultranationalist version of the Soviet Union. It was the earliest development of an international fascist syndicate that would later come under the influence of Dugin and his Eurasianist philosophy.[103] ELF organizers like Troy Southgate sought to exploit the anarchist ideology associated with punk and heavy metal subcultures, and AF also had experience entering experimental music scenes through their leader’s association with Rice.[104]

Moynihan is the author of Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground, a non-fiction account of the early Norwegian black metal scene, with a focus on the string of church burnings and murders that occurred in the country around 1993. The book was published by Feral Press, which was founded by Adam Parfrey, who had befriended Anton LaVey and become inspired by his Satanic Bible. Parfrey rose to prominence in 1987 with his work on so-called extreme sociology, Apocalypse Culture, a compendium of works on topics such as eugenics, Oswald Spengler, necrophilia, and self-castration. He eventually set up Feral House, which specialized in works on serial killers, conspiracy theories, and Satanism, including all five of LaVey’s books.[105] Genesis P-Orridge, founder of Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth (TOPY), an offshoot Illuminates of Thanateros (IOT), worked with Timothy Wyllie, a longstanding of the Process Church, to produce a book featuring reproductions of the church’s magazines and the reminiscences of several members, published as Love, Sex, Fear, Death: The Inside Story of The Process Church of the Final Judgment by Feral House in 2009.

Moynihan is the editor of the journal Tyr: Myth—Culture—Tradition, named after Tyr, the Germanic god. Tyr espoused radical Traditionalism, as developed by Julius Evola, Alain de Benoist, Guillame Faye and Francis Parker Yockey. It incorporates several right-wing ideologies such as paleoconservatism, third positionism, social Darwinism, Perennial Traditionalism, and a sentimentalism for the Middle Ages and the pre-Christian classical era, as well as a few typically left-wing tendencies, such as anti-capitalism, radical environmentalism, and primitivism. This involves the complete rejection of modernity in all its forms: from industrialized society, and degenerate lifestyles, to all forms of egalitarianism, and democracy. To some of these thinkers, this would mean the revival of full social Darwinism and the adoption of the Nietzschean virtues of heroism, strength, and hierarchy, a subject often touched upon by Jonathan Bowden.[106] Tyr contributors include Asatru Folk Assembly founder Stephen McNallen, Alain de Benoist, French comparative philologist Georges Dumézil—best known for his analysis of Proto-Indo-European religion and society—British musicologist and translator Joscelyn Godwin, and Stephen Flowers.

In 2001, Moynihan co-authored The Secret King: The Myth and Reality of Nazi Occultism with Flowers, an American Runologist and proponent of occultism and Germanic mysticism. Flowers advocates “Esoteric Runology” or “Odianism,” an occultist version of Germanic Neopaganism. Flowers joined the Church of Satan, and later served as Grand Master of the Order of the Trapezoid with the Temple of Set. Flowers has also had contact with the Armanen-Orden, which was founded as a revival of the Ariosophical Guido von List Society. Flowers also translated Alain de Benoist’s On Being a Pagan.

Group of Thebes

On June 24, 1991, Bouchet, a.k.a. Frater Marcion, was granted a Memphis-Misraim Charter by Michael Bertiaux’ representative for Spain and Portugal, Manuel Cabrera Lamparter. Frater Marcion claimed there were two branches of Freemasonry, which may explain the rite of Memphis-Misraim’s association with Gladio:

There exist two main branches of Masonry in the world. One of them, Memphis-Misraim, is revolutionary. It aims to change the world, in whatever condition it may be. The other branch, regular Masonry, which includes the Scottish Rite, is concerned with the organization and governing of the world. The “Scots” strive to place their members at the center of the governing system. Memphis-Misraim was always in contact with revolutionary movements: with Garibaldi, Trotsky, Italian Fascists, the Red Brigades. It’s characteristic that Crowley was a member of both Memphis-Misraim and the Irish Republican Army.[107]

Bouchet expounded on the close connection between Nazism and secret societies, and alleged that everything “that was said about what had been happening in Nazi concentration camps was a tremendous overestimation” and promised his audience—referring to his recent visit with Dugin—that “they would see the outcomes of my visit to Russia by themselves in the nearest future.”[108] Bouchet is mainly known in his home country, not for his interest in Crowley and the occult, but for his opposition to Zionism, and intimate friendship with Islamic fundamentalists from Iran and Libya. In 1991, Bouchet founded the National Bolshvevik organization Nouvelle Résistance, which succeeded to the La Troisième Voie, or “Third Position,” and Thiriart’s Jeune Europe. When the leaders of La Troisième Voie attempted a rapprochement with the National Front, Bouchet founded the radical anti-American splinter group Nouvelle Résistance, and the European Liberation Front, which revives the ideas of Francis Parker Yockey for a fascist continental bloc.

Bouchet claimed to be head of the OTO in France. Coming from a far-right family with monarchist and OAS links, in 1970 Bouchet became a member of the monarchist group Restauration nationale, and in 1971 a member of a splinter group, Nouvelle Action française, called in France a “Mao-Maurrassien” group, because of their dependence on the thought of Mao and Charles Maurras. Christian Bouchet completed a PhD in ethnology from Paris Diderot University, with a dissertation on Aleister Crowley, and wrote a number of books about extremist engagement in politics and religion.

Bouchet is also deeply involved in magic, fringe Masonry and Gnosticism. Through reading Julius Evola, he discovered Aleister Crowley and the Western Tantrism of the Ordo Templi Orientis. He publishes an esoteric journal Thelema, while his imprint carries titles by Maria de Naglowska, Aleister Crowley, Jack Parsons, Frater Achad and Austin Osman Spare.[109] Bouchet had published journals like Lutte de Peuple and Résistance, which focused on ultra-nationalist and anti-Zionist themes. In the original edition of his book Hitler’s Priestess, Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Bouchet has been associated with Nazi mysticism and that, whilst spending a year in India, he met with Savitri Devi to study Kali Yuga and her ideas about Adolf Hitler as an Avatar.[110]

Bouchet was a founding member of the Groupe de Thèbes in 1993. It is officially a Rose+Croix chapter of the Universal Orient of Traditional Rites (O∴U∴R∴T∴), whose World Grand Master was Triantaphyllos Kotzamanis, a.k.a. Tau Hieronymus. Kotzamanis is chancellor for Greece of a Templar group and Archbishop Prior in Greece of the Apostolic Rosicrucian Church, called in Greece, as in France, Gnostic and Apostolic Rosicrucian Church a schism of Robert Ambelain’s Eglise Gnostique Apostolique, originally founded as the Église Gnostique Universelle, official church of the Ordre Martiniste et Synarchique (OMS), founded by Victor Blanchard, Grand Master of the Polaires Brotherhood.[111] In the 1980’s, the church’s founder, Arman Toussaint (1895 – 1994), authorized Kotzamanis and Tau Pol Lysis to establish lodges of the Ordre Martiniste des Cheveliers du Christ (OMCC), under the name of Loges de Chevaliers Vert (“Lodges of the Green Knights”). Toussaint was initiated in Paris as Superieur Inconnu (“Unknown Superior”) by Serge Marcotoune, a member and dignitary of lodge Saint André in the 1930’s in Kiev, Ukraine, and was also a member of the Supreme Council for the South of Russia, which traced its descent back to Nikolay Novikov.[112] Toussaint was also friendly with Eugène Canseliet, disciple of Fulcanelli and member of the former Brotherhood of Heliopolis.[113]

The OMCC prospered quickly, creating jurisdictions on almost all continents. In 1992, Toussaint founded the Martinist lodge CINABRO which was dedicated to the study of alchemy, as taught by Roger Caro. Toussaint’s partner was Marcel Jirousek, a pupil of Ambelain. Touissant’s church worked in close alliance with Caro’s Eglise Universelle de la Nouvelle Alliance (ENA), which was the outer order of the Freres Aines de la Rose+Croix (FAR+C), a Rosicrucian order based on the study of alchemy. The reformation of the F.A.R.+C in 1973 allegedly took place after Caro attended a meeting of “the worldwide synod of Gnostic Bishops of the true Gnostic succession and communion” which was held in Liege. This meeting is generally only mentioned in relationship with Michael Bertiaux’s Haitian Martinist order, the O.T.O.A. (Ordo Templi Orientis Antiqua).[114]

The OMCC is led by a Supreme Council and a Master Director. The Supreme Council is composed of Unknown Superiors/Free Initiators of the Order. The Grand Master of the French Lodge the Main Lodge of the OMCC is Remi Boyer, the founder of the Groupe of Thebes. A branch of FUDOSI is a Pythagorean Order which has its origin in Greece, founded under the auspices of the Grand Orient of Greece within a lodge called Prometheus, certain assignments of which were given to Kotzamanis and Boyer, known as the Order of Hermes and Orpheus.[115]

Another founding member of the Group of Thebes was Paolo Fogagnolo, Italian revolutionary and Marxist, and apparently a member of the Red Brigades. Fogagnolo was chartered by Lamparter to found O.T.O.A. lodges in 1985. In 1986, he was initiated by Kotzamanis into the OMCC, and in 1989 he was nominated as an Unknown Superior. Fogagnolo is also the Italian Patriarch of the Krumm-Heller Church and a bishop in the Church of Antioch. He also became national Italian Grand Master of the O∴U∴R∴T∴ through Kotzamanis.[116]

As reported by Serge Faubert, after attempting to organize a federation of orders and societies in 1988, including New Age cults and chivalric orders, under the rubric Arc-en-ciel (“Rainbow”), Boyer changed his approach and tried to organize another type of structure which, this time, brought together individuals, working with one of his close associates, Jean-Pierre Giudicelli, the second pillar of the Group of Thebes. Giudicelli headed the French section of Myriam, a Luciferian obedience. A former member of Ordre Nouveau, Giudicelli took part in the neo-fascist group Troisieme Voie until the end the 1980s, and was among the assistants of the Front National in Nice after the legislative elections of 1986. Georges Magne de Cressac, one of Giudicelli’s loyalists, participated in the organization of a Robert Faurrison meeting in Limoges in 1987. Also in the Groupe of Thebes was Belgian Jean-Marie D'Asembourg who belonged to the patronage committee of the Russian politico-esoteric journal Milii Angel, whose editor and patron was Dugin.[117]

Bouchet has also collaborated closely with another Groupe de Thèbes member, Massimo Introvigne, an Italian Roman Catholic sociologist of religion. In 1988, Introvigne founded the Centro Studi sulle Nuove Religioni (CESNUR), “Center for Studies on New Religions,” based in Turin, Italy that studies new religious movements and opposes the anti-cult efforts. The president of CESNUR-France, Antoine Faivre, a French scholar of Western esotericism, was a professor at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Religieuses, at the Sorbonne, and was with Wouter Hanegraaff and Roland Edighoffer, the editor of the journal Aries. Hanegraaff is full professor of History of Hermetic Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam, served as the first president of the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE) from 2005 to 2013. CESNUR has been described as “the highest profile lobbying and information group for controversial religions.”[118] CESNUR’s scholars have defended such diverse groups as the Unification Church, the Church of Scientology, the Order of the Solar Temple and Shincheonji Church of Jesus, accused of having aided the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. In 1995 the French Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France, after the events of the Order of the Solar Temple, published a critical report on cults. This was followed by similar reports by other governments. CESNUR claimed these texts relied excessively on information supplied by the anti-cult movement and criticized them publicly, particularly through a book called Pour en finir avec les sectes. In addition to contributing an article for the publication, The Order of the Solar Temple: The Temple of Death, Introvigne has also published articles on the Priory of Sion hoax on the CESNUR website. Introvigne was also the Italian director of the Transylvanian Society of Dracula.

Bouchet owned the publishing house Ars magna and Avatar which published volumes of Savitri Devi, Jean-François Thiriart, Francis Parker Yockey, Gabriele d’Annunzio and Alexander Dugin—through whose influence his movement came to advocate National Bolshevism and then Eurasianism. In September 1998, Southgate’s LCRN merged with Bouchet’s Front européen de libération (FEL) under the aegis of the Front National’s annual Red-White-Blue festival. The FEL was inspired by an organization by the same name founded from Francis Parker Yockey, when he split from Oswald Mosley’s British Union Movement in 1948 and was inspired by Otto Strasser. In 1993, Jean Francois Thiriart led a FEL delegation to Moscow for talks with Aleksandr Dugin.[119]s

Bouchet’s second-in-command of his OTO was André-Yves Beck, a member of Jean-Marie Le Pen’s Front National’s Central Committee, as well as Troisième Voie and Nouvelle Résistance. Beck also became the chief of cabinet for Robert Ménard, who was elected mayor of Béziers in 2014 with support from the National Front, Republic Arise and the Movement for France. Ménard is also co-founder of the organization Reporters Without Borders (RSF), where he served as the general secretary from 1985 to 2008. After declaring to have broken with his former activism, Bouchet supported the candidacy of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the presidential election of 2007. He officially joined the FN in 2008, and was appointed to the position of Deputy Departmental Secretary of the FN de Loire-Atlantique. He obtained the nomination of the FN to be candidate in the legislative elections of 2012 in the third constituency of Loire-Atlantique, placing third. He ran in the municipal election in Nantes in 2014, coming in fourth, and in 2015 in the regional elections in Pays de la Loire, where he came in fifth.

[1] Dmitry Fedotov. “Struggling for a Russian Bateson.” Kybernetes 36(7/8): 949-955 (2007).

[2] Retrieved from www.noetic.org/directory/person/jim-garrison

[3] John McCannon. “Competing Legacies, Competing Visions of Russia: The Roerich Movement(s) in Post-Soviet Russia,” in Birgit Menzel, Michael Hagemeister & Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal (eds.), The New Age of Russia: Occult and Esoteric Dimensions, p. 351.

[4] “Accomplishments in Citizen Diplomacy” Esalen.org. Retrieved from http://www.esalen.org/ctr/pioneering-accomplishments-citizen-diplomacy

[5] Markus Osterrieder. “From Synarchy to Shambhala: The Role of Political Occultism and Social Messianism in the Activities of Nicholas Roerich” Birgit Menzel, Michael Hagemeister and Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, ed. The New Age of Russia: Occult and Esoteric Dimensions (Studies on Language and Culture in Central and Eastern Europe, Volume 17), p. 130-31.

[6] Robert Zubrin. “Dugin’s Evil Theology - His Eurasianism is a satanic cult.” National Review (June 18, 2014).

[7] Patton. Masters of Deception, p. 174.

[8] Jim Keith. Mind-control, World Control (Adventures Unlimited Press, 1997), p. 193.

[9] Dunlop, “Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics.”

[10] David Livingstone. Ordo ab Chao, Volume Three, Chapter 1: Synarchy.

[11] Milko Bogaard. “The Martinist Order.” (November 2000). Retrieved from https://www.hermetics.org/Martinism.html

[12] Massimo Introvigne. “Beyond The Da Vinci Code: History and Myth of the Priory of Sion.” CESNUR 2005 International Conference (Palermo, Sicily: June 2-5, 2005). Retrieved from https://www.cesnur.org/2005/pa_introvigne.htm

[13] Goodrick-Clarke. Hitler’s Priestess, p. 216.

[14] Bruno Fouchereau. “enquete sur des satanistes - Christian Bouchet - NR - Profanation de tombes” The Vrai Journal.

[15] Ibid.

[16] Anonymous. “The metaphysical roots of world politics.”

[17] Serge Faubert. “Le vrai visage des sectes,” L’Evenement du jeudi, 4-10.11.1993, pp. 44 ff. Retrieved from http://www.kelebekler.com/cesnur/txt/faub-gb.htm

[18] Convent Préparatoire de l’ordo (June 7, 1992). Retrieved from https://www.parareligion.ch/wilke3.html

[19] Milko Bogaard. F.U.D.O.S.I. (November 2000). Retrieved from https://www.hermetics.org/fudosi.html

[20] Massimo Introvigne. “Beyond The Da Vinci Code: History and Myth of the Priory of Sion.” CESNUR 2005 International Conference (Palermo, Sicily: June 2-5, 2005). Retrieved from https://www.cesnur.org/2005/pa_introvigne.htm

[21] “Raymond Bernard (1923-2006).” The Sovereign Order of the Initiatic Temple. Retrieved from https://www.osti.org/who9.html

[22] Alexander Dugin. “Konspirologya” Part III. Arktogeya, (Moscow 1992).

[23] Godwin. Arktos, p. 74.

[24] Thor. “The Empire of the end (a brief introduction to Jean Parvulesco).” The New Antaios (August 22, 2012).

[25] Ibid., p. 128

[26] Cited in Godwin. Arktos, p. 75.

[27] Godwin. Arktos, p. 75.

[28] Thor. “The Empire of the end (a brief introduction to Jean Parvulesco).”

[29] Доктор Дугин (in Russian). Литературная Россия (Retrieved 18 March 2012).

[30] John B. Dunlop. “Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics”, Demokratizatsiya 12.1 (Jan 31, 2004).

[31] Birgit Menzel. “The Occult Revival in Russia Today and Its Impact on Literature” The Harriman Review, volume 16, number 1 (Spring 2007).

[32] Vorob’ev. “Popravki k biografii khudozhnika Iuriiya Titova.” Cited in Marlene Laruelle. “The Iuzhinskii Circle: Far-Right Metaphysics in the Soviet Underground and Its Legacy Today,” The Russian Review 74 (2015), pp. 563–580.

[33] Heiser. “The American Empire Should Be Destroyed.”

[34] Alexandra Guzeva. “Metaphysical author Yuri Mamleev dies aged 83.” Russia Beyond the News (October 27, 2005).

[35] Birgit Menzel. “Occult and Esoteric Movements in Russia from the 1960s to the 1980s,” in Birgit Menzel, Michael Hagemeister & Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal (eds.), The New Age of Russia: Occult and Esoteric Dimensions, p.163.

[36] Laruelle. “The Iuzhinskii Circle,” p. 567.

[37] Ibid. 563–580.

[38] Ibid.

[39] Arnold. “Mysteries of Eurasia,” p. 32.

[40] Dugin & Golovin, “V poiskakh vechnogo norda,” cited in Arnold. “Mysteries of Eurasia: The Esoteric Sources of Alexander Dugin and the Yuzhinsky Circle,” p. 37.

[41] Ibid.

[42] Dugin. “Evgeniy Golovin: intellektual’naiia topika (tezisy)”, in Gde net paralellei i net poliusov. Pamiati Evgeniia Golovina, p. 375; Dugin and Golovin, “V poiskakh vechnogo norda”.

[43] Pavel Nosachev. “Integralnyi traditsionalizm: mezhdu politikoi i ezoterikoi,” Gosudarstvo, religiia, Tserskov v Rossii i za rubezhom 4 (2013), p. 212.

[44] Charles Clover. Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia’s New Nationalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), p. 152.

[45] Ibid.

[46] Ibid.

[47] Dunlop. “Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics.”

[48] Laruelle. “The Iuzhinskii Circle,” p. 569.

[49] Jafe Arnold. “Mysteries of Eurasia,” p. 47.

[50] Birgit Menzel. “Occult and Esoteric Movements in Russia from the 1960s to the 1980s.” In Birgit Menzel, Michael Hagemeister and Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, ed. The New Age of Russia: Occult and Esoteric Dimensions (Studies on Language and Culture in Central and Eastern Europe, Volume 17) p. 163.

[51] Dunlop. “Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics.”

[52] Clover. Black Wind, White Snow, pp. 175-176.

[53] Tamir Bar-On. Where Have All The Fascists Gone? (Routledge, 2016).

[54] Marlene Laruelle. Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe–Russia Relationship (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2015), p. 37.

[55] Casey Michel. “The Rise of the ‘Traditionalist International’: How the American Right Learned to Love Moscow in the Era of Trump.” Right Wing Watch (March 2017).

[56] Andrew Meier. “Putin’s Paraiah.” The New York Times (2 March 2008).

[57] Anton Shekhovtsov & Andreas Umland. “Is Aleksandr Dugin a Traditionalist? ‘Neo-Eurasianism’ and Perennial Philosophy.” The Russian Review, Vol. 68, No. 4 (Oct., 2009), p. 670.

[58] Anton Shekhovtsov. “Alexander Dugin and the West European New Right, 1989-1994.” In Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe-Russia Relationship (Lexington Books, 2015).

[59] Laruelle. “The Iuzhinskii Circle,” p. 563–580.

[60] Anton Shekhovtsov. Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir (Routledge, 2018).

[61] Kerry Bolton. “Why We Write.” Occidental Quarterly (September 29, 2009).

[62] C. Monette. Mysticism in the 21st Century, p. 87; cited in Massimo Introvigne. Satanism: A Social History (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2016), p. 357.

[63] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 217.

[64] Clive Bloom. Violent London: 2000 Years of Riots, Rebels and Revolts (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 388.

[65] Gerry Gable. “The Far Right in Contemporary Britain.” In Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, Michalina Ferguson, Neo-Fascism in Europe (Longman, 1991), p. 247.

[66] Martin Durham. Women and Fascism. (Taylor & Francis, 1998), p.63.

[67] R. Hill & A. Bell. The Other Face of Terror- Inside Europe’s Neo-Nazi Network (London: Collins, 1988), pp. 195–6.

[68] Clive Bloom. Violent London: 2000 Years of Riots, Rebels and Revolts (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 388.

[69] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 221.

[70] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 221.

[71] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 221.

[72] Nox 5, Vol. 2, No. 1(Mexborough, South Yorks, July 1987); cited in Tim Tate. Children for the Devil: Ritual Abuse and Satanic Crime (London: Methuen, 1991), p. 124.

[73] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 219.

[74] Massimo Introvigne. Satanism: A Social History (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2016), p. 359.

[75] Connell Monette. Mysticism in the 21st Century (Wilsonville, Oregon: Sirius Academic Press. 2013), p. 105.

[76] Philip Coppens. “The wooden book of Montségur.” Les Carnets Secrets, 10 (2008). Retrieved from https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/woodenbook/

[77] Antony Barnett. “Right here, right now,” The Observer, February 9, 2003.

[78] Robert S. Wistrich. A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad (Random House, 2010).

[79] David Myatt. “A Change of Perspective.” Retrieved from http://www.davidmyatt.info/change_perspective.html

[80] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 18.

[81] “James Mason.” Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190617183023/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/james-mason

[82] Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity, p. 19.

[83] “James Mason.” Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190617183023/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/james-mason

[84] Gavin Baddeley & Paul Woods, ed. Lucifer Rising: A Book of Sin, Devil Worship and Rock ‘n’ Roll (Plexus Publishing, 2000), p. 221.

[85] Massimo Introvigne. Satanism: A Social History (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2016), p. 365.

[86] Mathews. Modern Satanism, p. 91.

[87] “David Myatt and the Occult-Fascist Axis.” Searchlight (July 1995).

[88] Jeffrey Kaplan & Leonard Weinberg. The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998). p. 144.

[89] David J. Wingfield. The Initiate 2: Journal of Traditional Studies (Arktos, 2010), p. 33.

[90] Graham D. Macklin. “Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction.” Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 39, No. 3, (September 2005), p. 308.

[91] Ibid., p. 308.

[92] Ibid., pp. 317.

[93] Ibid., pp. 309.

[94] Ibid., pp. 317-318.

[95] Ibid., p. 320.

[96] Ibid., p. 320.

[97] SPLC report: “From UFOs to Yoga” by Martin A. Lee (Summer 2002). Retrieved from http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=94

[98] Ibid., p. 301.

[99] “James Mason.” Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190617183023/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/james-mason

[100] Ibid., p. 143.

[101] Lee. The Beast Reawakens, p. 226.

[102] “James Mason.” Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190617183023/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/james-mason

[103] Alexander Reid Ross. “A Brief But Very Informative History of How Fascists Infiltrated Punk and Metal.” Vice (August 18, 2017). Retrieved from https://www.vice.com/en/article/mbbg9p/a-brief-but-very-informative-history-of-how-fascists-infiltrated-punk-and-metal

[104] Alexander Reid Ross & Emmi Bevensee. “Confronting the Rise of Eco- Fascism Means Grappling with Complex Systems.” Center for Analysis of the Radical Right (July 2020), p. 16.

[105] Mathews. Modern Satanism, p. 142.

[106] Without Prejudice. “The Rise of the Radical Right: The Alt right Neoraction and the Trump Campaign.” The Ludwig von Mises Centre (August 29, 2016).

[107] Anonymous. “The metaphysical roots of world politics.”

[108] Fr. Marsyas. “Mega Therion and his books in the Russian tradition.” Retrieved from http://oto.ru/cgi-bin/article.pl?eng/articles/russia/cr_rus_books.txt

[109] Goodrick-Clarke. Black Sun, p. 226.

[110] Goodrick-Clarke. Hitler’s Priestess, p. 216

[111] Miguel Martinez. “Some odd friends of Introvigne.” Retrieved from http://www.kelebekler.com/cesnur/storia/gb20.htm

[112] David Livingstone. Ordo ab Chao, Volume Three, Chapter 1: Synarchy.

[113] Milko Bogaard. “Manifestations of the Martinist Order.” (February 2005). Retrieved from http://omeganexusonline.net/rcmo/martinistorders.htm

[114] Milko Bogaard. “Manifestations of the Martinist Order.” (February 2005). Retrieved from http://omeganexusonline.net/rcmo/martinistorders.htm

[115] Milko Bogaard. “F.U.D.O.S.I.” Retrieved from https://www.hermetics.org/fudosi.html

[116] Milko Bogaard. “F.U.D.O.S.I.” Retrieved from https://www.hermetics.org/fudosi.html

[117] Serge Faubert. “L’Evenement du Jeudi” (November 4, 1993), pp. 44-52; abridged translation by Jeffrey Bale, Hitlist (March-April 2001), pp. 96-97; retrieved from http://www.kelebekler.com/cesnur/txt/faub-gb.htm

[118] Stephen A. Kent. “The French and German versus American debate over ‘new religions,’ Scientology and human rights.” Marburg Journal of Religion. 6, 1 (January 2001), p. 15.

[119] Ibid.

Volume Five

1. Team B

2. Secret Team

3. The Reagan Doctrine

4. Reaganomics

5. Second New Right

6. Project Monarch

7. Down Under

8. Sex, Lies and Wiretaps

9. Noosphere

10. Project Stargate

11. New Age

12. Psychic Warriors

13. Disclosure

14. Christofascism

15. The Clash of Civilizations

16. Black Order

17. Sacred Geopolitics

18. Third Secret of Fatima

19. Order of Eurasia