Dukes of Saxony
Rulers of Saxony
The early Dukes of Saxony were members of the House of Billung, who trace their descent to Liudolf (c. 805/820 – 866), who married Oda Billung, great-granddaughter of Guillaume of Gellone, purported son of Rabbi Makhir, of the royal line of David, who ruled the Jewish princedom of Septimania in Southern France. Rabbi Makhir was a member of the Kalonymos family of northern Italy, that had immigrated to Germany in the 10th century, where they became leaders of the community of the Ashkenazi Hasidim movement, who were central to the development of the Kabbalah. According to Jewish legend, after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD, the Romans transported large numbers of the Jews to distant regions of the Roman Empire, many of them being sent as slaves to a German region on the Upper Rhine, which was known as Ascania, named after Ascanius, a survivor of the Trojan War, who was equated with Ashkenaz of Genesis, whose father Gomer was an ally of Gog, the chief of the land of Magog. Hence the term “Askenazim.”
Liudolf and Oda were the parents of Otto the Illustrious, father of Henry the Fowler, whose son was Otto the Great. Otto the Great was the direct ancestor of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1050 – 1106), who was involved in Investiture Controversy with Pope Calixtus II, and married Bertha, of the House of Savoy. Their daughter, Agnes of Waiblingen, by her married to Frederick I, Duke of Swabia, was the mother of Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, who married Judith of Bavaria, the mother Frederick Barbarossa. By her second husband Leopold III of Austria, Agnes was the mother of Gertrude of Babenberg, who married Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia (c.1110 – 1174).
The House of Billung, to which belong the mother of Otto the Great, merged into the House of Welf and House of Ascania (also known as House of Anhalt) dynasties when Magnus, Duke of Saxony died in 1106 without a male heir. The family’s property was divided between his two daughters by his wife Sophia of Hungary, the daughter of Sophia of Hungary, the daughter of Béla I of Hungary and Richeza of Poland. His daughter Wulfhilde married Henry the Black (1075 – 1126), son of Welf I, Duke of Bavaria (c. 1035/1040 – 1101), first member of the House of Welf, a branch of the House of Este. Welf married Judith of Flanders, daughter of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and Eleanor, daughter of Richard II of Normandy. Henry the Black’s daughter, Judith of Bavaria, who married Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, was the mother of Frederick Barbarossa, first of Hohenstaufen dynasty. Judith’s brother, Henry the Proud (c. 1108 – 1139), was the father of Henry the Lion (1129/1131 – 1195), who married Matilda of England, the daughter of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
According to Ottfried Neubecker, in A Guide to Heraldry, in the heroic poem by Heinrich von Veldeke (c. 1150 – d. after 1184), based on the story of Aeneas, the bearer of the arms of a lion, referring to Henry the Lion, set against the bearer of the arms of an eagle, symbol of the Holy Roman emperor. Veldeke, who was an influence on Wolfram von Eschenbach, wrote his most sizeable work, the Eneas Romance, the first courtly romance in a Germanic language. Veldeke’s Eneas was based on the Old French Roman d'Enéas, that, in its turn, was inspired by Virgil’s Aeneid. The Roman d'Enéas is one of the three important Romans d'Antiquité ("Romances of Antiquity") of the period, the other being the anonymous Roman de Thèbes and the Roman de Troie of Benoît de Sainte-Maure (d. 1173).
The Roman d'Enéas inspired a body of literature in the genre called the roman antique, loosely assembled by the medieval poet Jean Bodel (c. 1165 – c. 1210), as the Matter of Rome. According to Bodel, the Matter of Rome was the literary cycle made up of Greek and Roman mythology, together with episodes from the history of classical antiquity, focusing on military heroes like Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. Bodel divided all the literary cycles he knew best into the Matter of Britain, the Matter of France and the Matter of Rome. The Matter of Rome also included what is referred to as the Matter of Troy, consisting of romances and other texts based on the Trojan War and its after-effects, including the adventures of Aeneas. In the epic poems Alexander Roman and the Roman de Troie, Alexander the Great, and Achilles and his fellow heroes of the Trojan War were treated as knights of chivalry, not much different from the heroes of the chansons de geste.
The dedication of Roman de Troie, to a “riche dame de riche rei,” is generally believed to be Eleanor of Aquitaine, wife of Henry II, who were the parents of Henry the Lion’s wife Matilda. Earlier heraldic writers attributed the lions of England to William the Conqueror, whose son, Henry I of England, married Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Margaret of Wessex, daughter of the mysterious Agatha of Bulgaria, descended from Guillaume of Gellone. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it subsequently came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Henry II”s father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, who married Henry I and Matilda’s daughter, also called Matilda. An enamel, probably commissioned by Matilda, depicts Geoffrey carrying a blue shield decorated six golden lions rampant and wearing a blue helmet adorned with another lion. A chronicle dated to c. 1175 states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128.
Like the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors, the House of Ascania, ruled the Duchy of Anhalt in Saxony and other territories, including Saxony and Brandenburg, traced their descent to Ascanius, legendary king of Alba Longa and the son of the Trojan hero Aeneas, whom they equated with Ashkenaz, grandson of Japhet, the son of Noah, whose descendants were reputed to have migrated from the marches of Ascania in Bithynia, in northwest of Asia Minor, and at last to have settled in Germany. Similarly, Trithemius’ De origine gentis Francorum compendium (1514) described the Franks as originally Trojans, or “Sicambrians,” who after the fall of Troy came into Gaul after being forced out of the area around the mouth of the Danube by the Goths in 439 BC. He also details the reigns of each of these kings—including Francus, from whom the Franks are named—and their battles with the Gauls, Goths, and Saxons.
Apart from the lions of the Plantagenet coat of arms, twelth-century examples of lions used as heraldic charges include the Hohenstaufen and Wittelsbach coats of arms, both derive from Henry the Lion. The earliest evidence of the association of lions with the English crown is a seal bearing two lions passant, used by the future King John during the lifetime of his father, Henry II. John's elder brother, Richard the Lionheart (1157 – 1199), who succeeded his father on the throne, is believed to have been the first to have borne the arms of three lions passant-guardant, still the arms of England, having earlier used two lions rampant combatant, which arms may also have belonged to his father. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant); the royal coat of arms of Scotland, attributed to William the Lion (c. 1142 – 1214), the grandson of David I of Scotland, protector of the Templars and son of Malcolm III and Margaret; the coat of arms of Denmark, first used by Canute VI (c. 1163 – 1202); the coat of arms of Flanders (Jülich), first used by Philip I, Count of Flanders (1143 – 1191), the son of Sibylla of Anjou, the sister of Geoffrey Plantagenet; the coat of arms of Bohemia, first granted to Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia, who married Gertrude of Babenberg, and then Judith of Thuringia, the daughter of Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1140); the coat of arms of León, an example of canting arms attributed to Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile (1105 – 1157), whose second wife was Vladislaus II and Gertrude’s daughter Richeza of Poland. Alfonso II was the founder of the Order of Calatrava, who was advised by Judah ben Joseph ibn Ezra, relative of Abraham ibn Ezra, student of Abraham Bar Hiyya, an influence on temple mysticism of Templars, and the father of Alfonso VIII of Castile who married Richard the Lionheart’s sister Eleanor.
The first known member of the House of Este was Margrave Adalbert of Mainz (d. 951?), also known as “il Margravio” or “Adalberto III,” an Italian nobleman tied with the Obertenghi family and a well-known ancestor to the Este, Pallavicini and Malaspina family. Adalbert was either the first born son of Lambert, margrave of Tuscany (d. 938), the second son of Adalbert II of Tuscany (c. 875 – 915), and Bertha, daughter of Lothair II of Lotharingia, or Lambert's brother Guy, Margrave of Tuscany (d. 929), who was married to Marozia. Marozia (c. 890 – 937) was a Roman noblewoman who was the alleged mistress of Pope Sergius III and was given the unprecedented titles senatrix (“senatoress”) and patricia of Rome by Pope John X. Edward Gibbon wrote of her that the “influence of two sister prostitutes, Marozia and Theodora was founded on their wealth and beauty, their political and amorous intrigues: the most strenuous of their lovers were rewarded with the Roman tiara, and their reign may have suggested to darker ages the fable of a female pope. The bastard son, two grandsons, two great grandsons, and one great great grandson of Marozia—a rare genealogy—were seated in the Chair of St. Peter.” Pope John XIII was her nephew, the offspring of her younger sister Theodora. At the age of fifteen, Marozia became the mistress of Pope Sergius III, whom she knew when he was bishop of Portus. In order to counter the influence of another of her alleged lovers, Pope John X, Marozia subsequently married his opponent Guy of Tuscany. Together they attacked Rome, arrested and jailed Pope John X in the Lateran. Either Guy had him killed in 928 or he simply died. Marozia seized power in Rome in a coup d'état. The following popes, Leo VI and Stephen VII, were both her puppets. In 931, she even managed to impose her son by Pope Sergius III as Pope John XI. When Guy died in 929, Marozia negotiated a marriage with his half-brother Hugh of Arles (c. 880 – 947), who had been elected King of Italy.
Adalbert was the father of Oberto I (d. 975), Count palatine of Italy, whose grandson, Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan (996 – 1097), is considered the founder of Casa d'Este (House of Este), having built a castle at Este, near Padua, and named himself after the location. Albert Azzo II married Kunigunde of Altdorf, daughter of Welf II, Count of Altdorf (c. 960/70 – 1030), and Imiza of Luxembourg. Imiza was the daughter of Frederick of Luxembourg, the son of Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes, through whom the House of Luxembourg claim descent from the female dragon-spirit Melusina. Albert Azzo II’s son, Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, inherited the property of his maternal uncle Welf III, the last of the Elder Welfs. (c. 1007 – 1055), becoming duke of Bavaria, and the ancestor of the elder branch, the House of Welf. The two surviving branches of the House of Welf, with Henry the Lion on the German side, concluded an agreement in 1154 which allocated the family’s Italian possessions to the younger line, the Fulc-Este, who in the course of time acquired Ferrara, Modena and Reggio.
Magnus’ daughter Eilika married Otto, Count of Ballenstedt (c. 1070 – 1123), the first prince of the House of Ascania to call himself count of Anhalt, and was also briefly named duke of Saxony. Otto’s son was Albert the Bear, was the first margrave of Brandenburg and was briefly duke of Saxony. Upon the deposition of Henry the Lion in 1180, the ducal title of Saxony fell House of Ascania under Albert the Bear’s son, Bernhard, Count of Anhalt, while numerous territories split from Saxony, such as the Principality of Anhalt in 1218 and the Welf Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1235. This led to the differentiation between Lower Saxony, ruled by the Ascanians, and Upper Saxony, which belonged to the House of Wettin. In 1296, the remaining lands were divided between the Ascanian dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg, the latter obtaining the title of Electors of Saxony by the Golden Bull of 1356, a decree issued by the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg and Metz, headed by the Emperor Charles IV, which fixed, for a period of more than four centuries, important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.
The County of Anhalt finally arose upon the death of Bernhard, Count of Anhalt in 1212, when his sons divided their heritage. The younger Albert I (c. 1175 – 1260) became Duke of Saxony, while the elder Henry I went on to rule the Ascanian lands, now definitely separated from Saxony, as Count of Anhalt. In 1218, Henry I, Count of Anhalt ((c. 1170 – 1252), assumed the title of a prince and thereby was the real founder of the princely House of Anhalt. On Henry I's death in 1252, his three sons partitioned the principality and founded, respectively, the lines of Aschersleben, Bernburg and Zerbst. The principality was recreated, when in 1544 the heirs of Ernest I of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1516) divided their territory and the eldest surviving son, Prince John V (1504 – 1551), took his residence at Zerbst Castle.
The origins of the House of Hesse begin with the marriage of Sophie of Thuringia, daughter of Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia (1200 – 1227), and Elizabeth of Hungary of the Miracle of the Roses, with Henry II, Duke of Brabant (1207 – 1248), from the House of Reginar. Henry II was the son of Henry I, Duke of Brabant (c. 1165 – 1235) and Matilda of Boulogne, the granddaughter of King Stephen I of England and Matilda of Boulogne, the daughter of Eustace III, the brother of Godrey of Bouillon and Baldin I of Jerusalem, purported grandsons of the Knight of the Swan. Matilda’s mother was Mary of Scotland, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret, the daughter of Edward the Exile and Agatha of Bulgaria. Matilda’s brother was David I of Scotland, a supporter of the Templars.
Frederick Barbarossa’s daughter Judith of Hohenstaufen married Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia, the son of Louis I, the first landgrave of Thuringia. According to the epilogue of the Eneas, Veldeke allowed Margaret of Cleves, the wife of Louis II’s son Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia (1151/52 – 1190), to read his work when it was nearly completed. The work was stolen, and it was only returned to Veldeke in 1184 by Louis III’s brother Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1217), who gave him the order to finish it. Some believe the thief was Herman’s brother Henry Raspe, while others believe the thief was Count Henry I of Schwarzburg, who had a feud with Louis III. Hermann I married Sophia of Wittelsbach. Their sons were Louis IV of Thuringia and Conrad (c. 1206 – 1240), the landgrave of Thuringia, the fifth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, and the first major noble to join the military order. Saint Elizabeth had left the court at Wartburg and moved to Marburg in Hesse, where she founded a hospital, which became a center of the Teutonic Order, who adopted her as its secondary patroness. Elizabeth’s daughter Sophie was the heiress of Hesse, which she passed on to her son, Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (1244 – 1308), upon her retention of the territory following her partial victory in the War of the Thuringian Succession. In 1264, Henry became the first Landgrave of Hesse and the founder of the House of Hesse. The remaining Thuringian landgraviate fell to the Henry III, Margrave of Meissen, of the House of Wettin.
The House of Wettin, one of the oldest in Europe, is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. Many ruling monarchs outside Germany were later tied to its cadet branch, the current House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who changed to the House of Windsor in England. Around 1000, the family acquired Wettin Castle, on the Saale river in Germany. In 1423, Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (1370 – 1428), received the Saxon Electorate from Emperor Sigismund, founder of the Order of the Dragon. In The Book of Abramelin, Abraham of Worms boasted of using Kabbalistic magic to summon 2000 “artificial cavalry” to support Frederick I in his war against the Hussites. For his victory at the Battle of Brüx in 1421, Frederick I received the Saxon Electorate from Emperor Sigismund.
Frederick I’s son, Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (1412 – 1464), a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, married Margaret of Austria, daughter of Ernest, Duke of Austria (1377 – 1424), of the House of Habsburg and a member of the Order of the Dragon. Ernest was the son of Leopold III, Duke of Inner Austria and Viridis Visconti. Margaret’s brother was Frederick III, who succeeded Sigismund as Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick III married Eleanor of Portugal, daughter of Edward, King of Portugal, brother of Prince Henry the Navigator, Grand Master of the Order of Christ.
The House of Wettin split into two ruling branches in 1485, when the sons of Frederick II agreed to the Treaty of Leipzig in 1485, dividing the territories hitherto ruled jointly. Frederick II’s elder son Ernest, Elector of Saxony (1441 – 1486), founder of the Ernestine branch, succeeded his father as Prince-elector and received the Electorate of Saxony and Thuringia, while his younger brother Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1443 – 1500), founder of the Albertine branch, and a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, obtained the March of Meissen, which he ruled from Dresden. Albert III’s possessions were also known as Ducal Saxony. Albert III’s son, George the Bearded, Duke of Saxony (1471 – 1539), also a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, married Barbara Jagiellon, the sixth daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. She was named after her great-grandmother, Barbara of Cilli, who co-founded the Order of the Dragon with her husband Emperor Sigismund. Barbara’s brother was Sigismund I the Old, a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, who married Bona Sforza. Their daughter, Anna Jagiellon married Stephen Bathory, sponsor of John Dee and uncle of the “Blood Countess” Elizabeth Báthory.
George and Barbara’s daughter Christine of Saxony married Philip I of Hesse, a direct descendant of Elizabeth of Hungary. From 1308 to 1311, and again from 1458, the landgraviate of Hesse had been divided into Upper Hesse and Lower Hesse, but was re-unified in 1500 under Philip I’s father, Landgrave William II in (1469 – 1509). The Landgraviate rose to primary importance under his son Philip I, also called Philip the Magnanimous. The state of Hesse-Kassel was created in 1567 when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided upon the death of Philip I. His eldest son William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1532 – 1592), inherited the northern half of the Landgraviate and the capital of Kassel. The other sons received the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rheinfels and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt.
Philip I’s daughter Agnes married Elector Maurice of Saxony, whose daughter Anna of Saxony married William the Silent.
The older Ernestine branch remained predominant until 1547 and played an important role in the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation. Ernest, Elector of Saxony, married Elisabeth of Bavaria, whose father, Albert III, Duke of Bavaria, was the son of Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Viridis’ sister Elisabetta Visconti. As ally of the House of Luxembourg, Ernest, Duke of Bavaria, backed Emperor Sigismund in his wars against the supporters of Jan Hus. Elisabeth’s sister Margaret of Bavaria was briefly married to Federico I Gonzaga. Ernest and Elisabeth’s son, Frederick III the Wise (1463 – 1525), Elector of Saxony, was one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther. In 1521, Frederick protected Martin Luther following his excommunication by Pope Leo X by hiding him at Wartburg Castle after the Diet of Worms called by Emperor Charles V. It was at the Diet of Worms that Luther met Philip I of Hesse. It was there that Luther translated the New Testament from ancient Greek into German in just ten weeks. Frederick III the Wise’s brother was John Frederick’s father, John, Elector of Saxony (1468 – 1532), known for organizing the Lutheran Church in the Electorate of Saxony with Luther’s help. John assisted his kinsman, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, in several campaigns. It was Elector John’s son, John Frederick I of Saxony (1503 – 1554), who commissioned the Luther seal of the rose and cross.
Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony (of the House of Billung was submerged into the Welf and Ascania dynasties, and when he died without sons, the Duchy of Saxony was Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor, and the his properties were divided between his two daughters) + Sophia of Hungary (daughter of Bela I of Hungary and Richeza of Poland (see Genealogy of Agatha of Bulgaria)
HOUSE OF ASCANIA/ANHALT: Eilika of Saxony + Otto of Ballenstedt
Albert the Bear + Sophie of Winzenburg
Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg (House of Ascania) + Ada of Holland (daughter of Floris III, Count of Holland and Ada of Huntingdon, granddaughter of David I of Scotland. See Genealogy of the Knight of the Swan)
Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg + Matilda of Groitzsch (daughter of the Count Conrad II of Lusatia, of the House of Wettin)
John I, Margrave of Brandenburg + Jutta of Saxony (see below)
Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg + Beatrice of Bohemia (daughter of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia + Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen)
Matilda of Brandenburg + Otto the Child (see below)
Elizabeth + Henry Raspe (no issue)
Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg + Judith of Poland (daughter of Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland + Salomea of Berg. See Genealogy of Agatha of Bulgaria)
Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg (succeeded by Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg)
Bernhard, Count of Anhalt (inherited the Ascanian home territories around Anhalt Castle and after the deposition of Henry the Lion by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa finally became Duke of Saxony in 1180) + Judith (Jutta) (daughter of Mieszko III the Old of Poland. See Genealogy of Agatha of Bulgaria)
Henry I, Count of Anhalt + Irmgard of Thuringia (see below)
Albert I, Duke of Saxony + Agnes of Thuringia (see below)
Albert I, Duke of Saxony + Helen of Brunswick and Lunenburg (see below)
Sophia of Saxony (no issue)
Hedwig of Brandenburg + Otto II, Margrave of Meissen (son of Thimo of Wettin)
Albert I, Margrave of Meissen
Adelaide of Meissen + Ottokar I of Bohemia (son of Vladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia + Judith of Thuringia, daughter of Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia)
Dagmar of Bohemia + Valdemar II of Denmark
Valdemar the Young + Eleanor of Portugal
Theodoric I, Margrave of Meissen + Jutta of Thuringia (sister of Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia who married ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, of the MIRACLE OF THE ROSES)
Hedwig of Meissen + Dietrich V, Count of Cleves
Dietrich VI, Count of Cleves + Aleidis von Heinsberg
Dietrich VII, Count of Cleves + Margaret of Guelders (daughter of Otto II, Count of Guelders)
Dietrich VIII, Count of Cleves + Margaret of Guelders
Margaret of Guelders + Adolph II of the Marck (son of Engelbert II of the Marck)
Adolph III, Count of Mark + Margaret of Jülich (see below)
Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (raised by EMPEROR SIGISMUND, founder of the ORDER OF THE DRAGON, as duke and a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1417. Reigning from Schwanenburg Castle associated in legend with the Knight of the Swan, immortalized in Wagner's Lohengrin) + Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves
Henry III, Margrave of Meissen + Constance of Babenberg (daughter of Leopold VI of Austria)
Albert II, Margrave of Meissen + Margaret of Sicily (see below)
Theodoric of Landsberg + Helen of Brandenburg
HOUSE OF WELF: Wulfhilde of Saxony + Henry the Black (son of Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, first member of the House of Welf, a branch of the House of Este, and Judith of Flanders. See Genealogy of Guillaume of Gellone)
Judith of Bavaria + Frederick II, Duke of Swabia
Frederick Barbarossa (first of Hohenstaufen dynasty) + Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor + Constance (d. of Roger II of Sicily and Rethel)
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor + Isabella of England (daughter of John of England)
Margaret of Sicily + Albert II, Margrave of Meissen
Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen + Agnes
Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen + Mathilde of Bavaria (see below)
Agnes of Meissen + Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (see below)
Philip of Swabia + Irene Angelina of Byzantium
Maria of Swabia + Henry II, Duke of Brabant
Blanche of Artois + Henry I of Navarre
Henry I of Navarre + Blanche of Artois
Joan I of Navarre + Philip IV “le Bel” of France
Judith of Hohenstaufen + Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia
Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia + Sophia of Wittelsbach
Irmgard of Thuringia + Henry I, Count of Anhalt (see above)
Judith + Lord Nicholas I of Werle
Henry I of Werle + Rikissa Birgersdotter
Rixa of Werle + Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (see below)
Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Catherine Birgersdotter of Bjelbo
Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Agnes (d. of Margrave Conrad of Brandenburg-Stendal)
Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Beatrix (see above)
John II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Elisabeth
Sigismund I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Judith
George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau + Sophie
Waldemar VI, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen + Margarete
Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (signed the Augsburg Confession)
Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen + John, Elector of Saxony (see below)
George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau + Anna
Ernest I of Anhalt-Dessau (see Genealogy of the House of Anhalt) + Margarete of Münsterberg-Oels
John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Margaret of Brandenburg (see below)
Waldemar I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Elisabeth (d. of Rudolf I, Elector of Saxony)
Waldemar II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (no issue)
Bernhard I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg + Princess Sophie (daughter of King Abel of Denmark)
Bernhard II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg + Helene (daughter of Wizlaw II, Prince of Rügen)
Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg + Agnes (see below)
Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg + Matilda of Brunswick-Göttingen
Otto III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
Henry Raspe
Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia + ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, of the MIRACLE OF THE ROSES (see Genealogy of Agatha of Bulgaria)
Sophie of Thuringia + Henry II, Duke of Brabant (son of Henry I, Duke of Brabant (c. 1165 – 1235) and Matilda of Boulogne, the granddaughter of King Stephen I of England and Matilda of Boulogne, the daughter of Eustace III, the brother of Godrey of Bouillon and Baldwin I of Jerusalem, purported grandsons of the Knight of the Swan. Matilda’s mother was Mary of Scotland, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret, the daughter of Edward the Exile and Agatha of Bulgaria. Matilda’s brother was David I of Scotland, a supporter of the Templars. See Genealogy of Guillame of Gellone)
Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (the first Landgrave of Hesse) + Adelheid of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Adelheid + Berthold VII, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen
Elizabeth + John II, Burgrave of Nuremberg
Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg + Elisabeth of Meissen (see above)
Elisabeth + Rupert of Germany
Louis III, Elector Palatine (acted as vicar for EMPEROR SIGISMUND, founder of the ORDER OF THE DRAGON)
Frederick I, Elector Palatine
John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg + Margaret of Luxemburg (sister of EMPEROR SIGISMUND)
Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (first member of the House of Hohenzollern to rule the Margraviate of Brandenburg, ally of EMPEROR SIGISMUND) + Elizabeth (daughter of Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, and Maddalena Visconti)
John, Margrave “the Alchemist” of Brandenburg-Kulmbach + Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg
Barbara of Brandenburg + Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua
Dorothea of Brandenburg + Christian I of Denmark (first king of the House of Oldenburg. See below)
Cecilia of Brandenburg + William the Victorious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (see below)
Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (House of Hohenzollern. Founder of the ORDER OF THE SWAN) + Catherine of Saxony (see below)
Albert III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (member of the ORDER OF THE SWAN, spent time at the court of Emperor Sigismund) + Anna of Saxony (daughter of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony + Margaret of Austria (daughter of Ernest, Duke of Austria, member of the Order of the Dragon, son of Viridis Visconti and father of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor)
John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg + Margaret of Thuringia
Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg + Elizabeth of Denmark (see below)
Anna of Brandenburg + Frederick I of Denmark (see below)
Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (corresponded with Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon, signed AUGSBURG CONFESSION) + Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels
Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach + Christoph, Duke of Württemberg
Eleonore of Württemberg + Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (see below)
Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach + John George, Elector of Brandenburg (see below)
George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (took over the administration of the Duchy of Prussia in 1577. On February 20 1578 in front of Warsaw's St. Anne's Church, paid homage to King Stephen Báthory)
ALBERT, DUKE OF PRUSSIA (Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, founder of the Duchy of Prussia) + Dorothea (daughter of Frederick I of Denmark)
ALBERT, DUKE OF PRUSSIA + Anna Maria of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen
Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia + Marie Eleonore of Cleves (daughter of Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg + Archduchess Maria of Austria, daughter of Ferdinand I and Anna Jagellonica. See Genealogy of the Knight of the Swan. See below)
Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Order of the Golden Fleece)
Sibylle of Brandenburg + William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg
Maria of Jülich-Berg + John III, Duke of Cleves
Sibylle of Cleves + JOHN FREDERICK I, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (see below)
Anne of Cleves + Henry VIII of England (no issue)
William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg + Maria of Austria (daughter of Ferdinand I and Anna Jagellonica)
Marie Eleonore of Cleves + Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia (see above)
Marie of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Margravine Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + John George II, Elector of Saxony (see below)
Erdmann August, Hereditary Prince of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach (see below)
George Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach + Marie Elisabeth (d. of Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg)
Christian Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach + Sophie Christiane of Wolfstein
George Frederick Charles, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Princess Dorothea of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
Princess Sophie Christine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Alexander Ferdinand, 3rd Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Karl Anselm, 4th Prince of Thurn and Taxis + Duchess Auguste of Württemberg
Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (built opera house in Bayreuth where Wagner later established Bayreuth Festival) + Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see below)
Princess Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Ernest Augustus I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (see below)
Anna of Prussia + John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (after Albert Frederick’s death in 1603, the Sigismund III Vasa permitted John Sigismund to succeed him in 1611, thereafter ruling Brandenburg, and Duchy of Prussia in personal union)
George William, Elector of Brandenburg + Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (see below)
Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg + GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, King of Sweden (see below)
Duchess Sophie of Prussia + Wilhelm Kettler
Jacob Kettler + Princess Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg (see below)
Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia + John George I, Elector of Saxony (see below)
Anna of Cleves (1552–1632) + Philipp Ludwig, Count Palatine of Neuburg (see above)
Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg + Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (see above)
Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (Fruitbearing Society) + Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see below)
Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg + Magdalene of Bavaria (see below)
Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach + Amalie of Nassau-Siegen
Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (court included Knorr von Rosenroth and Van Helmont)
Hedwig of Sulzbach + Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (see below)
Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach + Princess Maria Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg
Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach + Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste Sofie of Neuburg (see below)
Countess Palatine Ernestine of Sulzbach + William II, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried-Rheinfels
John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (the last Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg)
Otto I, Landgrave of Hesse + Adelheid of Ravensberg
Henry II the Iron (allied with Henry VI, Count of Waldeck, ancestor of Paul von Hindenburg) + Elisabeth of Thuringia (daughter of Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen)
Adelheid + Casimir III of Poland
Elisabeth of Hesse + Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen (see above)
Louis the Junker + Elizabeth of Sponheim
Hermann II of Hesse + Margaret of Hohenzollern-Nuremberg
Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse + Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse (see below)
Elizabeth of Brabant + Albert I, Duke of Brunswick
(no issue)
Jutta of Thuringia + Dietrich I, Margrave of Meissen
Agnes of Thuringia + Albert I, Duke of Saxony (see above)
Jutta of Saxony + John I, Margrave of Brandenburg (see above)
Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg + Agnes of Bavaria (see below)
Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia + Margaret of Cleves
Conrad, Count Palatine of the Rhine + Irmengard of Henneberg
Agnes of Hohenstaufen + Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine (see below)
Bertha of Lorraine (sometimes called Judith) + Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine
Henry the Proud + Gertrude of Süpplingenburg (only child of Emperor Lothair III, who inherited the Duchy of Saxony upon the death of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony)
Henry the Lion + Matilda of England (d. of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine)
Matilda of Saxony + Geoffrey III, Count of Perche
Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine + Agnes of Hohenstaufen (daughter of Count Palatine Conrad)
Henry VI + Matilda (daughter of Duke Henry I of Brabant)
(no issue)
Irmengard of the Rhine + Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden
Herman VI, Margrave of Baden
Rudolf I, Margrave of Baden-Baden
Agnes + Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria
Louis II, Duke of Bavaria + Matilda of Habsburg (daughter of Rudolph I of Germany)
Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria + Mechtild of Nassau
Rupert I, Elector Palatine (no issue)
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor + Beatrice of Silesia
Mathilde of Bavaria + Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (see above)
Elisabeth of Meissen + Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg (see below)
Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia + Catherine of Henneberg
Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (received the Saxon Electorate from Emperor Sigismund, founder of the Order of the Dragon) + Catherine of Brunswick and Lunenburg (see below)
Wilhelm II, Margrave of Meissen
Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria + Elisabeth of Sicily (d. of Frederick III of Sicily + Eleanor of Anjou, daughter of Charles II of Naples)
John II, Duke of Bavaria + Catherine of Gorizia
Ernest, Duke of Bavaria (ally of Sigismund of Luxembourg, founder of the Order of the Dragon) + Elisabetta Visconti (see Genealogy of the House of Visconti)
Albert III, Duke of Bavaria + Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck
Margaret of Bavaria + Federico I Gonzaga
Elisabeth of Bavaria + Ernest, Elector of Saxony (founder of the ERNESTINE branch of the House of Wettin. See below)
Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria + Kunigunde of Austria (d. of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Order of the Dragon)
Sabina + Duke Ulrich I of Württemberg
Christoph, Duke of Württemberg + Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Duchess Sabine of Württemberg + William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (see below)
William IV, Duke of Bavaria + Marie of Baden-Sponheim
Albert V, Duke of Bavaria + Archduchess Anna of Austria (see below)
William III, Duke of Bavaria (he or his brother Ernest housed Abramelin the Mage; supported Sigismund of Luxembourg against the Hussites)
Albert I, Duke of Bavaria + Margaret of Brieg
Margaret of Bavaria + John the Fearless
PHILIP THE GOOD (founder of the ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) + Isabella of Portugal (sister of Prince Henry the Navigator, Grand Master of the ORDER OF CHRIST)
Joanna Sophia of Bavaria + Albert IV, Duke of Austria
Albert II of Germany + Elizabeth of Luxembourg (daughter of SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBOURG, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)
Elizabeth of Austria + Casimir IV, King of Poland
Vladislaus II of Hungary + Anne of Foix-Candale
Anna Jagellonica + Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece. See above)
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece) + Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress
RUDOLF II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, supporter of John Dee)
Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain + Philip II of Spain
Philip III of Spain (Grand Master of the ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) + Margaret of Austria (see below)
Catherina Micaela of Spain + CHARLES EMMANUEL I OF SAVOY (birth prophesied by Nostradamus) (see below)
Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua + Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
Margherita, Duchess consort of Ferrara + Alfonso II d'Este (ally of Rudolf II. No issue)
Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) + Eleonora de' Medici (see below)
Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara + Alfonso II d'Este (legitimate line of the House of Este ended with him in 1597)
Charles II, Archduke of Austria + Maria Anna of Bavaria (see below)
Joanna of Austria + Francesco I de Medici
Marie de Medici + Henry IV of France (see below)
Eleanor de' Medici + Vincenzo I Gonzaga (see above)
Francesco IV Gonzaga + Margaret of Savoy
Margherita Gonzaga + Henry II, Duke of Lorraine (see below)
Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (in contact with Sendivogius)
Eleonor Gonzaga + Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Archduchess Anna of Austria + Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (see above)
William V, Duke of Bavaria (Order of the Golden Fleece, painted holding Marrano hand sign) + Renata of Lorraine (see below)
Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1551) + Charles II, Archduke of Austria (see above)
Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland + Sigismund III Vasa (Raised by Jesuits, sponsored alchemist Sendivogius)
Władysław IV Vasa (Abraham von Franckenberg presented to his court a list the great Christian Kabbalists of history appended to Guillaume Postel’s Absconditomm a Constitutione Mundi Clavis)
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor + Eleonor Gonzaga (see below)
Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain + Philip III of Spain
Philip IV of Spain (Grand Master of the ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) + Elisabeth of France (see below)
Anne of Austria + Louis XIII of France (see below)
Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania + Sigismund Báthory (nephew of Blood Countess Elizabeth Bathory)
Maria Maddalena of Austria + Cosimo II de' Medici (sponsor of Galileo) (see below)
Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua + William I, Duke of Mantua
Vincenzo Ι Gonzaga (Order of the Golden Fleece, nephew of Louis Gonzaga, Grand Master of the Priory of Sion) + see below
Margherita Gonzaga + Henry II, Duke of Lorraine
Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany + Francesco I de' Medici
MARIE DE MEDICI + Henry IV of France
Louis II of Hungary + Mary of Austria (d. of Philip I of Castile + Joanna of Castile)
Barbara Jagiellon + George, Duke of Saxony (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE. See below)
Sigismund I the Old (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Bona Sforza (see above)
Sigismund II Augustus + Barbara Radziwiłł (accused of promiscuity and witchcraft)
Sigismund II Augustus
Anna Jagiellon + Stephen Báthory (sponsor of John Dee and uncle of Elizabeth Báthory, the “Blood Countess”)
Catherine Jagiellon + John III of Sweden
Sigismund III Vasa (from whom the Vasa kings of Poland were descended. Raised by Jesuits, sponsored alchemist Sendivogius)
Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg + Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg (see above)
Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal
Sophia of Brandenburg + Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (see below)
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (no issue)
William of Winchester + Helena of Denmark (Valdemar I of Denmark + Sophia of Minsk)
Otto the Child + Matilda of Brandenburg (see above)
Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Adelheid (daughter of Margrave Boniface II of Montferrat)
Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen + Agnes of Meissen (daughter of Albert II, Margrave of Meissen)
Albert II, Duke of Brunswick + Rixa of Werle (see above)
Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Sophia of Brandenburg (see below)
Sophie + Count Dietrich V of Hohnstein
Agnes + Christian V, Count of Oldenburg (see below)
Matilda + Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (see above)
Otto III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Catherine (see below)
Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen + Elisabeth of Hesse (see below)
Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Henry III, Duke of Głogów
Luther von Braunschweig (Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights)
Helen of Brunswick and Lunenburg + Albert I, Duke of Saxony (see above)
Albert II, Duke of Saxony + Agnes of Habsburg (daughter of Rudolf I of Germany, see the Genealogy of the House of Habsburg)
Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg + Margravine Jutta (Brigitte) of Brandenburg (a daughter of Margrave Otto V of Brandenburg)
Agnes + Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (see above)
William the Victorious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Cecilia of Brandenburg (see above)
William IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Elizabeth of Stolberg-Wernigerode
Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Catherine of Pomerania
Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Golden Fleece)+ Maria of Württemberg
Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Margravine of Brandenburg-Küstrin + John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin (joined the Schmalkaldic League, and German princes led by Elector Maurice of Saxony) (see below)
Catherine + Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (see above)
Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg
Helvig of Schauenburg + Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg (see below)
Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Sophie of Pomerania
Catherine of Brunswick and Lunenburg + Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (see above)
Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Margaret of Austria (daughter of Ernest, Duke of Austria, member of the Order of the Dragon, son of Viridis Visconti and father of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor)
Anna of Saxony + Albert III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (member of the Order of the Swan. See below)
Ernest, Elector of Saxony (founder of the ERNESTINE branch of the House of Wettin) + Elisabeth of Bavaria (see above)
Christina of Saxony + John I of Denmark (see below)
FREDERICK III, THE WISE, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther, hiding him at Wartburg Castle)
JOHN, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (1468 – 1532, known for organizing the Lutheran Church in the Electorate of Saxony with the help of Martin Luther, helped PHILIP I, LANDGRAVE OF HESSE, found the League of Gotha) + Sophie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (friend of Martin Luther, founder of Schmalkaldic League with PHILIP I, LANDGRAVE OF HESSE, and ordered creation of LUTHER ROSE) + Sibylle of Cleves
Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar + Dorothea Susanne of Simmern
Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar + Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg (see below)
JOHN, ELECTOR OF SAXONY + Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen (see above)
John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (no issue)
Margaret of Saxony + Henry I of Lüneburg
Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (signed the Augsburg Confession) + Sophia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg + Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg (see below)
Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (signed Augsburg Confession)
Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg +
Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick + Sophia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick + Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (see above)
Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (see below)
Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Albert III, Duke of Saxony (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, founder of the ALBERTINE branch of the House of Wettin)) + Sidonie Podiebrad of Bohemia
Sibylle of Saxony + Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (see below)
George, Duke of Saxony (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) + Barbara Jagiellon (the sixth daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. named after her great-grandmother, Barbara of Cilli, who co-founded the ORDER OF THE DRAGON with Emperor Sigismund. Sister of Sigismund I the Old, whose daughter Anna Jagiellon married Stephen Bathory, sponsor of John Dee and uncle of Elizabeth Báthory, the “Blood Countess”)
Christine of Saxony + PHILIP I, LANDGRAVE OF HESSE (see below)
Magdalena of Saxony + Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg (see below)
Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (1526 – 1586) + Catherine of Mecklenburg
AUGUSTUS, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (1526 – 1586, recognized as Elector by the ousted John Frederick I in 1554. Sponsored the publication of the BOOK OF CONCORD) + Anna of Denmark (see below)
AUGUSTUS, ELECTOR OF SAXONY + Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt (see below)
MAURICE, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (though a Lutheran, allied with Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League. Gained the Electorate for the Albertine line in 1547 after Charles V's victory at the Battle of Mühlberg) + Agnes of Hesse (see above)
Frederick of Saxony (Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights)
Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse + Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse
Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse + Anna of Katzenelnbogen
Elisabeth + Johann V of Nassau-Vianden-Dietz
William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
WILLIAM THE SILENT (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Anna of Egmond
Philip William, Prince of Orange + Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé (see below)
WILLIAM THE SILENT (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Anna of Saxony (see above)
Maurice, Prince of Orange
WILLIAM THE SILENT (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Charlotte of Bourbon
Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau + Frederick IV, Elector Palatine (see below)
WILLIAM THE SILENT (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Louise de Coligny
Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange + Amalia of Solms-Braunfels
William II, Prince of Orange + Mary, Princess Royal (see below)
William III, Landgrave of Hesse + Elisabeth (d. of Philip, Elector Palatine)
Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse + Mechthild of Württemberg-Urach
William II, Landgrave of Hesse + Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Elisabeth + John of Saxony
PHILIP I, LANDGRAVE OF HESSE + Christine of Saxony (see above)
Agnes of Hesse + MAURICE, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (see abovve)
Anna of Saxony + WILLIAM THE SILENT (Order of the Golden Fleece)
Maurice, Prince of Orange (Order of the Golden Fleece)
Christine of Hesse + Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Sophia of Holstein-Gottorp + John VII, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Adolphus Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Fruitbearing Society) + Marie Katharina
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin + Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels + Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (see below)
Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz + Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg + Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen
Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz + Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt
Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz + Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis + Baroness Wilhelmine of Dörnberg
Maximilian Anton, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis + Duchess Helene in Bavaria (see below)
Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis (lover of King Ludwig II of Bavaria)
Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis (1848–1914) + Princess Karoline of Thurn and Taxis
Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis (member of Thule Society)
Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz + Frederick William III of Prussia (see below)
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz + King George III of England (see below)
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp + Charles IX of Sweden (brother of John III of Sweden of the House of Vasa)
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS + Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg
QUEEN CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN
John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp + Augusta of Denmark (see below)
Anna of Hesse + Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
Philipp Ludwig, Count Palatine of Neuburg + Anna of Cleves (see below)
John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken + Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg + Catherine of Sweden (see below)
Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld + Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg (see above)
Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler + Countess Palatine Magdalene Catherine of Zweibrücken
Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld + Countess Katharina Agathe of Rappoltstein
Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken + Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken
Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken + Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach (see below)
William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel + Sabine of Württemberg (see above)
Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (member of Fruitbearing Society) + Agnes of Solms-Laubach
William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (Fruitbearing Society)
William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (Fruitbearing Society)
Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel + Christian V of Denmark (see below)
William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel + Maria Amalia of Courland (see below)
Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal + Katharina Amalia Gräfin von Solms-Laubach
Elisabeth Henriëtte + Frederick I of Prussia (no issue)
Charlotte, Electress Palatine + Charles Louis, Elector Palatine (see below)
Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (member of Fruitbearing Society) + Juliane of Nassau-Siegen
Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels + Maria Eleonore of Solms-Lich
Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried + Alexandrine Juliane of Leiningen-Dagsburg
Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Wanfried + Francis II Rákóczi (Order of the Golden Fleece. G-s of George II Rakoczi (1621 – 1660) and Sophia Bathory)
Comte de St. Germain
Elisabeth of Hesse + Louis VI, Elector Palatine
Maria of the Palatinate + Charles IX of Sweden
Catherine of Sweden + John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
Christina Magdalena + Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach + Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp (see above)
Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach + Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp (see below)
Charles X Gustav of Sweden (Fruibearers Society) + Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
Charles XI of Sweden + Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
Charles XII
Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden
Frederick IV, Elector Palatine + Louise Juliana of Nassau (see above)
ALCHEMICAL WEDDING: Frederick V of the Palatinate + Elizabeth Stuart (see below)
Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate + George William, Elector of Brandenburg (see above)
Princess Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg + Jacob Kettler (see above)
Maria Amalia of Courland + Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (see above)
Frederick I of Sweden
William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel + Dorothea Wilhelmina of Saxe-Zeitz
Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel + Princess Mary of Great Britain (see below)
Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel + John William Friso, Prince of Orange
William IV, Prince of Orange
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg + Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau (daughter of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, son of William the Silent)
Frederick I of Prussia + Elizabeth Henrietta of Hesse-Kassel
Princess Luise Dorothea of Prussia (no issue)
Frederick I of Prussia + Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (see below)
George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt + Magdalene of Lippe
Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt + Magdalene of Brandenburg (see below)
Catherine of Saxony + Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (see above)
Dorothea of Brandenburg + John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (House of Ascania)
Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg + Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see above)
Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg + Sibylle of Saxony (see above)
Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg + Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg (see above)
Julius Ernst, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg + Maria of Ostfriesland
Maria Katharina + Adolphus Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (member of Fruitbearing Society, see below)
AUGUSTUS THE YOUNGER, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (member of Fruitbearing Society, friend of JOHANN VALENTIN ANDREAE, purported author of the ROSICRUCIAN MANIFESTOS, and RABBI TEMPLO) + Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst (daughter of the Ascanian prince Rudolph of Anhalt-Zerbst) (see below)
AUGUSTUS THE YOUNGER, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Duchess Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg, daughter of Duke John Albert II of Mecklenburg
Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern + Christine of Hesse-Eschwege
Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see below)
Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg + Christian III of Denmark (see below)
Agnes + Christian V, Count of Oldenburg-Welsburg (descended from Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg, the son of the Swan Knight Helyas and Elsa of Brabant, who married Rikissa or Richenza, the heiress of Oldenburg)
Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg + Helvig of Schauenburg
Christian I of Denmark (first king of the House of Oldenburg) + Dorothea of Brandenburg (see above)
John I of Denmark + Christina of Saxony (see above)
Christian II of Denmark + Isabella of Austria (daughter of Philip I of Castile + Joanna of Castile)
Christina of Denmark + Francesco II Sforza (last member of the Sforza family to rule Milan)
Christina of Denmark + Francis I, Duke of Lorraine (grandson of Rene II of Lorraine, Grand Master of the Order of the Fleur de Lys, grandson of René of Anjou, founder of the order and Grand Master of the Priory of Sion)
Charles III, Duke of Lorraine + Claude of France
Henry II, Duke of Lorraine + Margherita Gonzaga (see above)
Nicole of Lorraine + Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine
Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE)+ Eleonora Maria of Austria (see above)
Leopold, Duke of Lorraine + Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (see below)
Claude of Lorraine + Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine
Christina of Lorraine (patron of Galileo) + Cardinal Ferdinando I de Medici (friend of Cardinal Francesco Maria Del Monte, sponsor of Caravaggio)
Cosimo II de' Medici (sponsor of Galileo) + Maria Maddalena of Austria (see above)
Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany + Vittoria della Rovere (see below)
Catherine de Medici, Governor of Siena + Ferdinando I, Duke of Mantua
Claudia de' Medici + Federico Ubaldo della Rovere
Vittoria della Rovere + Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (see above)
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany + Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (see above)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (educated Count of Saint Germain) + Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany + Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (see below)
Renata of Lorraine + William V, Duke of Bavaria (Order of the Golden Fleece, painted holding Marrano hand sign. See above)
Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (bought castle at Schwangau) + Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610) (see below)
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor + Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1574)
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor + Maria Anna of Spain
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor + Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
Maria Antonia of Austria + Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (see below)
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor + Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
Maria Josepha of Austria + Augustus III of Poland (godfather of Jacob Frank at his baptism) (see below)
Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress + Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (see below)
Maria Anna of Austria + John V of Portugal
Peter III of Portugal + Maria I of Portugal
John VI of Portugal + Carlota Joaquina of Spain
Pedro I of Brazil + Maria Leopoldina of Austria (see below)
Pedro I of Brazil + Amélie of Leuchtenberg (see below)
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor + Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see below)
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor + Maria Leopoldine of Austria
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights)
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor + Eleonora Gonzaga
Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (born 1610) + Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (see above)
Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria + Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (d. of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy and Christine Marie of France)
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria + Louis, Grand Dauphin
Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria + Maria Antonia of Austria (see above)
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor + Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress (see above)
Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria + Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (see below)
Joseph Clemens of Bavaria
Violante Beatrice of Bavaria + Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (see above)
Magdalene of Bavaria + Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg (Order of the Golden Fleece, see above)
Philip William, Elector Palatine + Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (see below)
Dorothea of Denmark + Frederick II, Elector Palatine (no issue)
Elizabeth of Denmark + Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (see above)
Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg (supported Schmalkaldic League) + Magdalena of Saxony (see above)
John George, Elector of Brandenburg + Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Sophie of Brandenburg + Christian I, Elector of Saxony (see below)
John George, Elector of Brandenburg + Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst (see below)
Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg + Hedwig Jagiellon (daughter of Sigismund the Old)
Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel +
Maria of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
Julius Henry, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg + Anna Magdalena of Lobkowicz
Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg + Hedwig of Sulzbach (see above)
Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg + Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (educated Count of Saint Germain)
Anna of Brandenburg + Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg
Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg + Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg (see below)
Margaret of Brandenburg + John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt + Agnes of Barby-Mühlingen
Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst + John George, Elector of Brandenburg (see above)
Magdalene of Brandenburg + Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (see above)
Anna Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt + George, Duke of Brunswick (see below)
Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach + Sophie of Solms-Laubach
Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach + Erdmann August, Hereditary Prince of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (see above)
Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Sophie Luise of Württemberg
Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Augustus II the Strong (see below)
Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt + Eleonore of Württemberg (see above)
John George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (learned in astrology and alchemy. Member of Fruitbearing Society) + Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern
Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau + William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (see below)
CHRISTIAN OF ANHALT (advisor-in-chief of Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, of the ALCHEMICAL WEDDING) + Anna of Bentheim-Tecklenburg
Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt + AUGUSTUS, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (see above)
Dorothea Maria of Anhalt (at whose funeral the Fruitbearing Society was founded, on August 24, 1617, date of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572) + Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (Fruitbearing Society) + Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau (see above)
John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (Fruitbearing Society) + Princess Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
John Ernest III + Princess Sophie Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst (see below)
John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (Fruitbearing Society) + Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach + John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Caroline of Ansbach + George II of England (see below)
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (member of Fruitbearing Society, founder of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty. See Genealogy of the House of Romanov) + Elisabeth Sophie, Duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (see below)
Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau (Fruitbaering Society, led Rosicrucian court, including PAUL NAGEL, collaborated with Baltazar Walther)
Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (Fruitbaering Society) + Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see below)
Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst + AUGUSTUS THE YOUNGER, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (member of Fruitbearing Society, friend of Johann Valentin Andreae, purported author of the Rosicrucian manifestos, and Rabbi Templo)
Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Princess Elisabeth Juliana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg
Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Archduke Charles VI of Austria
EMPRESS MARIA THERESA + Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
JOSEPH II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR (had affair with JACOB FRANK’s daughter Eve)
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece) + Maria Luisa of Spain (d. Charles III of Spain, Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece)
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece) + Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
Maria Leopoldina of Austria + Pedro I of Brazil (see below)
Archduke Franz Karl of Austria + Princess Sophie of Bavaria (see below)
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece) + Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (see below)
Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este + Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa
Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia + Victor Emmanuel I
Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este + Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria (Illuminati lodge Charles Theodor of Good Counsel named after him)
Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este + Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este + Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (see above)
Maria Leopoldina of Austria + Pedro I of Brazil (see above)
Pedro II of Brazil (won the respect and admiration of people such as Charles Darwin, Victor Hugo, and Friedrich Nietzsche, and was a friend to Arthur de Gobineau, Richard Wagner, Louis Pasteur, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, among others) + Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil + Gaston, Count of Eu (see below)
Princess Leopoldina of Brazil + Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (see below)
Marie Antoinette + Louis XVI
Archduke Maximilian Francis (Grand Master of the PRIORY OF SION and ORDER OF THE FLEUR DE LYS)
Charles Alexander (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, Grand Master of the PRIORY OF SION and ORDER OF THE FLEUR DE LYS)
Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia (son and heir of PETER THE GREAT, who initiated by Sir Christopher Wren and introduced Freemasonry in his dominions))
PETER II OF RUSSIA (the direct male line of the Romanov dynasty ended with this death)
Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Fruitbearing Society) (see above)
Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia (see above)
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (friend of Israel Jacobson, founder of the Hamburg Temple. Met with Mendelssohn) + Princess Augusta of Great Britain (see below)
Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (mentor of Benjamin Constant husband of Madame de Stäel) + Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (see above)
Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (welcomed Benjamin Constant husband of Madame de Stäel in Weimar) + Ernest Augustus II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (see below)
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Frederick the Great of Prussia (no issue)
FERDINAND, DUKE OF BRUNSWICK (member of Strict Observance, Illuminati and Asiatic Brethren)
Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Prince Augustus William of Prussia
FREDERICK WILLIAM II OF PRUSSIA (1744 – 1797, member of GOLDEN AND ROSY CROSS) + Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt (see below)
Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Frederick V of Denmark (see below)
Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (see below)
John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (member of Fruitbearing Society) + Sophie Augusta of Holstein-Gottorp (see below)
Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (founder of the Fruitbearing Society) + Louis married Amöena Amalie
John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin + Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Margravine of Brandenburg-Küstrin (see above)
Margaret of Denmark + James III of Scotland
James IV of Scotland + Margaret Tudor (d. Of Henry VII, Golden Fleece + Elizabeth of York, daughter of Elizabeth Woodville)
James V of Scotland (Order of the Golden Fleece) + MARIE DE GUISE
Mary, Queen of Scots + Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
King James I of England + Anne of Denmark (see below)
Frederick I of Denmark + Anna of Brandenburg (daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia)
Christian III of Denmark (supported Schmalkaldic League) + Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg (see above)
Anne, Electress of Saxony + AUGUSTUS, ELECTOR OF SAXONY (see above)
Christian I, Elector of Saxony + Sophie of Brandenburg (see above)
Sophia Eleonore of Saxony + George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt + Philip William, Elector Palatine (see above)
Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine + Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł
Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste Sofie of Neuburg + Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach (see above)
Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach + Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach + Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (see above)
Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld + Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (see below)
Countess Palatine Maria Anna of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld + Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria
Duke Pius August in Bavaria + Princess Amélie Louise of Arenberg
Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria (patron of Wagner) + Princess Ludovika of Bavaria (see below)
Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (private secretary was Illuminati member Maximilian von Montgelas) + Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt (see below)
John George I, Elector of Saxony + Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia (see above)
Marie Elisabeth of Saxony + Duke Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp (see below)
John George II, Elector of Saxony (Fruitbearing Society) + Margravine Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (see above)
John George III, Elector of Saxony + Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark (below)
Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau (Fruitbearing Society) + Sibylle of Solms-Laubach
Dorothea + Duke Heinrich Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Dorothea Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (Fruitbearing Society) (see below)
Frederick II of Denmark (supported Tycho Brahe) + Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (see below)
Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg + William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick (see below)
George, Duke of Brunswick (Fruitbearing Society) + Anna Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt (see above)
George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse
Sophia Dorothea of Celle + George I of Great Britain (see below)
Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Frederick III of Denmark (see below)
John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick (1625–1679) + Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate
Charlotte Felizitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena (son of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena)
Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg + Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (son of Leopold I)
Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland + Augustus III of Poland (godfather to JACOB FRANK, and BARON VON HUND, the founder of the STRICT OBSERVANCE, was his Intimate Counselor)
Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress + Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (see below)
Maria Josepha of Bavaria + Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1628–1685), + Frederick III of Denmark
Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg + Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg (see above)
Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow + Frederick II of Denmark (see above)
Elizabeth of Denmark + Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel + Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (see above)
Elisabeth Sophie, Duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg + Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (member of Fruitbearing Society)
Elisabeth Dorothea + Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (Fruitbearing Society)
Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt + Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt + Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg
Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt + Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken
Princess Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt + Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg + Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (see below)
Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt + FREDERICK WILLIAM II OF PRUSSIA (1744 – 1797, member of GOLDEN AND ROSY CROSS) (see above)
Frederick William III of Prussia + Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Kaiser Wilhelm I, German Emperor + Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Frederick III, German Emperor + Victoria, Princess Royal (see below)
Kaiser Wilhelm I + Edwina Viereck (German actress)
Louis Viereck
George Sylvester Viereck
Prince Wilhelm of Prussia + Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg (see above)
Princess Elisabeth of Prussia + Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine (see above)
Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse + Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (d. of Queen Victoria)
Marie of Prussia + Maximilian II of Bavaria (see below)
Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (apppointed Giacomo Meyerbeer as Court Composer)+ Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1761–1829) (see below)
Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt + Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
Princess Marie of Baden + Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (the “Black Duke”) (see below)
Natalia Alexeievna + Paul I Romanov (see below)
Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1757–1830) + KARL AUGUST, GRAND DUKE OF SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENBACH (member of the ILLUMINATI, established what was to become known as Weimar Classicism at his court in Weimar, notably by bringing Johann Wolfgang von Goethe there) (see below)
Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt + Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg
Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1761–1829) + Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (see above)
Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse + Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine + Princess Elisabeth of Prussia (see below)
Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine + Julia, Princess of Battenberg
Princess Alice of Battenberg + Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Prince Louis of Battenberg + Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
Marie of Hesse (interested in occultism) + Alexander II of Russia
Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt + Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (private secretary was Illuminati member Maximilian von Montgelas. see above)
Ludwig I of Bavaria + Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen
Maximilian II of Bavaria + Marie of Prussia
Ludwig II of Bavaria (see above)
Princess Augusta of Bavaria + Eugène de Beauharnais (Napoleon’s stepson)
Amélie of Leuchtenberg + Pedro I of Brazil (see below)
Amalie Auguste of Bavaria + John, King of Saxony (see below)
Princess Sophie of Bavaria + Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (see above)
Franz Joseph I of Austria (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece)
Maximilian I of Mexico
Archduke Karl Ludwig + Princess Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Archduke Franz Ferdinand + Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg
Archduke Otto of Austria + Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (see below)
Princess Ludovika of Bavaria + Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria (patron of Wagner) (see above)
Duchess Helene in Bavaria + Maximilian Anton, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis (see above)
Albert, 8th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Archduchess Margarethe Klementine of Austria
Princess Elisabeth Helene of Thurn and Taxis + Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen (head of the Royal House of Saxony, Knight of Malta) (see below)
Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Sisi) + Franz Joseph I of Austria
Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria (had been for a time engaged to Ludwig II of Bavaria) + Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon (see below)
Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (Fruitbearing Society) + Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg + Magdalene Auguste (see below)
Dorothea Marie of Saxe-Gotha + Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (see below)
Fredericka + Johann August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (without issue)
John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (founder of ducal house of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld) + Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg
Christian Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld +
Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld + Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld + Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see above)
Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld + Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf
Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg + Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (granddaughter of ERNEST II, DUKE OF SAXE-GOTHA-ALTERNBURG, gave refuge to Adam Weishaupt)
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + QUEEN VICTORIA (see below)
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + Princess Maria Antonia Koháry of Csábrág and Szitnya
Ferdinand II of Portugal + Maria II of Portugal
Pedro V of Portugal + Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal (1843–1884) + George, King of Saxony (see below)
Infanta Antónia of Portugal + Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern (b. of older brother of King Carol I of Romania)
Ferdinand I of Romania
Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + Princess Clémentine of Orléans (see below)
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours (see below)
Leopold I of Belgium (first King of the Belgians, ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE, and Grand Master of the ORDER OF THE FLEUR DE LYS)
Leopold II of Belgium (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE)
Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) + Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
King Albert I of the Belgians (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) + Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria
Leopold III of Belgium (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE) +
Albert II of Belgium (ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE)
Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1649 – 1706) + Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt
Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen + Dorothea Marie of Saxe-Gotha
Princess Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen + Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (see below)
Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen + Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen + Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen + ERNEST II, DUKE OF SAXE-GOTHA-ALTERNBURG (gave refuge to Adam Weishaupt)
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg + Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (see below)
Anne of Denmark + King James I of England (see below)
Elizabeth Stuart + ALCHEMICAL WEDDING: Frederick V of the Palatinate + (see above)
Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine + Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (see above)
Charles II, Elector of the Palatinate + Princess Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark (see above)
Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine + Louis Philippe, Duke d'Orleans
Élisabeth Charlotte d’Orléans + Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (see above)
Francis I + Empress Maria-Theresa (supported Jacob Frank)
Joseph II (had affair with Eva, daughter of Jacob Frank)
Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1674 – 1723, friend of Chevalier Michael Ramsay) + Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Blois (d. of Louis XIV + Madame de Montespan (1640 – 1707), close to Philippe I, and accused of Black Mass)
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)
Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (1725 – 1785)
Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1747 – 1793), aka Philippe Égalité, Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France. Friend of Rabbi Falk) + Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans
Louis Philippe I + Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours + Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (see above)
Gaston, Count of Eu + Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (see above)
Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon + Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria (had been for a time engaged to Ludwig II of Bavaria) (see above)
Princess Clémentine of Orléans + Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (see above)
Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + Princess Leopoldina of Brazil (see above)
Sophia of Hannover + Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover (1629 – 1698)
Sophia Charlotte of Hanover + Frederick I of Prussia (see above)
Frederick William I of Prussia + Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (see below)
George I of England + Sophia Dorothea of Celle (see above)
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover + Frederick William I of Prussia (see above)
Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth + Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (see above)
Princess Elisabeth Friederike Sophie of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (praised by Casanova as “the most beautiful princess in Germany”
FREDERICK II THE GREAT OF PRUSSIA (1712 – 1786)
Prince Augustus William of Prussia (1722 – 1758) + Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see below)
Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia + Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see below)
Louisa Ulrika of Prussia + Adolf Frederick of Sweden (see above)
Charles XIII (1748 – 1818, Grand Master of the Swedish Order of Freemasons) + Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp (Hesse-Kassel)
Gustav III (1746 – 1792, patron of Swedenborg and Grand Master of Swedish Rite of Freemasonry) + Sophia Magdalena of Denmark
George II of England (1683 – 1760)
Princess Louise of Great Britain (1724 – 1751 + Frederick V of Denmark (1723 – 1766)
Princess Mary of Great Britain (1723 – 1772) + Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
William I, Elector of Hesse (1743 – 1821. Member of the Tugendbund. Hired Mayer Amschel Rothschild who founded Rothschild dynasty)
Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel (Member of Illuminati and Grand Master of Asiatic Brethren, friend of Comte St. Germain. See below)
Frederick (1747 – 1837) of Hesse-Kassel
Prince William of Hesse-Kassel (1787 – 1867) + Princess Louise Charlotte
Frederick, Prince of Wales + Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (see above)
Princess Augusta of Great Britain + Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (friend of Israel Jacobson, founder of the Hamburg Temple. Met with Mendelssohn) (see above)
Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (the “Black Duke”) + Princess Marie of Baden (see above)
Charles II, Duke of Brunswick (employed Georg Klindworth)
Charles I of England + Henrietta Maria
Charles II of England + Catherine of Braganza
Mary, Princess Royal + WILLIAM II, PRINCE OF ORANGE (see above)
WILLIAM III, PRINCE OF ORANGE + Mary II of England (known as William and Mary, overthrew James II in GLORIOUS REVOLUTION)
James II of England + Mary of Modena (see Geleanogy of the Alchemical Wedding)
Christian IV of Denmark (knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Hosted Christian of Anhalt during his exile) + Anne Catherine of Brandenburg
Frederick III of Denmark + Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (see above)
Christian V of Denmark + Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (see above)
Frederick IV of Denmark + Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
Christian VI of Denmark (member of Zinzendorf’s Order of the Mustard Seed) + Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Frederick V of Denmark + Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (see above)
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark + Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Princess Louise Charlotte + Prince William of Hesse-Kassel (see above)
Louise of Hesse-Kassel + Christian IX of Denmark (see below)
Frederick V of Denmark + Princess Louise of Great Britain
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark + Gustav III (1746 – 1792)
Christian VII of Denmark (1749 – 1808) + Caroline Matilda of Great Britain (see below)
Princess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831) + Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel
Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel + Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Christian IX of Denmark + Louise of Hesse-Kassel (1817 – 1898, friend of Marie de Riznitch, Comtesse de Keller who married Alexandre Saint-Yves d’Alveydre)
Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom + King Edward VII
Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) + Tsar Alexander III (see above)
Marie of Hesse-Kassel + Frederick VI of Denmark (see below)
Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark + John George III, Elector of Saxony (see above)
John George IV, Elector of Saxony
Augustus II the Strong (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (see above)
Augustus III of Poland (godfather of Jacob Frank at his baptism) + Maria Josepha of Austria (see above)
Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony + Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria (see above)
Frederick Augustus I of Saxony + Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (see above)
Princess Maria Augusta of Saxony (no issue)
Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony + Princess Carolina of Parma
John, King of Saxony + Amalie Auguste of Bavaria (see above)
George, King of Saxony + Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal (1843–1884) (see above)
Frederick Augustus III of Saxony + Archduchess Louise of Austria
Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen (head of the Royal House of Saxony, Knight of Malta) + Princess Elisabeth Helene of Thurn and Taxis (see above)
Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony + Archduke Otto of Austria (see above)
Charles I of Austria (last Emperor of Austria) + Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma
OTTO VON HABSBURG (Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece)
Princess Wilhelmine Ernestine of Denmark + Charles II, Elector of the Palatinate (see below)
Augusta of Denmark + John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp + Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (see above)
Sofie Auguste of Holstein-Gottorp + John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (see above)
Karl William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (Fruitbearing Society) + Duchess Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels
John Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (no issue)
Magdalene Auguste + Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha + Frederick, Prince of Wales (see above)
King George III (1738 – 1820) + Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767 – 1820) + Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
QUEEN VICTORIA + Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (see below)
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain + Christian VII of Denmark (see above)
Frederick VI of Denmark + Marie of Hesse-Kassel (see above)
Princess Louise Augusta of Denmark + Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (member of the Illuminati)
Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg + Countess Louise Sophie Danneskiold-Samsøe
Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein + Princess Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein + Kaiser Wilhelm II, German Emperor (see below)
Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg + Princess Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen (see above)
ERNEST II, DUKE OF SAXE-GOTHA-ALTERNBURG (gave refuge to Adam Weishaupt) + Charlotte of Sase-Meiningen
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg + Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg + Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (see above)
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + QUEEN VICTORIA (see above)
Victoria, Princess Royal + Frederick III, German Emperor
Kaiser Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1859 – 1941) + Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (see above)
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1844 – 1900) + Maria Alexandrovna (see below)
King Edward VII (1841 – 1910) + Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom (d. of Louise of Hesse-Kassel + Christian IX of Denmark)
Prince Albert Victor (1864 – 1892, aka “Jack the Ripper”)
George V (1865 – 1936) + Mary of Teck
Princess Alice + Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837 – 1892, the great-grandson of Frederick William II of Prussia, who belonged to the Golden and Rosy Cross)
Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) (1872 – 1918) + Tsar Nicholas II (Order of the Golden Fleece, 1868 – 1918)
John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg + Christine Eleonore von Zeutsch
Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst + Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (see below)
Princess Sophie Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst + John Ernest III (see above)
Ernest Augustus I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + Princess Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (see above)
Ernest Augustus II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (welcomed Benjamin Constant and Madame de Stäil in Weimar. see above)
KARL AUGUST, GRAND DUKE OF SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENBACH (member of the ILLUMINATI, established what was to become known as Weimar Classicism at his court in Weimar, notably by bringing Johann Wolfgang von Goethe there) + Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (see above)
Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (see below)
Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + Princess Ida of Saxe-Meiningen
Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + Princess Augusta of Württemberg
Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + Princess Gerta of Ysenburg and Büdingen
Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Princess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (first patroness of the Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft. Committed suicide when family refused to allow her to marry Hans von Bleichröder, the son of Gerson von Bleichröder)
Prince Frederick Ferdinand Constantin of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + (unknown mistress)
Johanna Rosina Wagner + Friedrich Wagner
RICHARD WAGNER + Cosima (d. of Franz Liszt + Marie d'Agoult, friend of Mazzini)
Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp + Princess Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach
Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp + Hedvig Sophia of Sweden
Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp + Hedvig Sophia of Sweden
Peter III (founder of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov branch. Initiated by Sir Christopher Wren and introduced Freemasonry in his dominions)) + CATHERINE THE GREAT (see below)
Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp + Princess Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach
Adolf Frederick of Sweden + Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (see below)
Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp + Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (see above)
CATHERINE THE GREAT + Peter III (see above)
Tsar Paul I (Grand Master of the Knights of Malta) + Natalia Alexeievna
Tsar Alexander I (1801–1825, under influence of Madame von Kruderer, famous psychic and friend of Madame Germaine de Staël)
Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach + Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (see above)
Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (patron of Wagner, renovated Wartburg) + Princess Sophie of the Netherlands
Tsar Nicholas I (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Charlotte of Prussia (1798 – 1860, d. of Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, son of Frederick William II of Prussia, who belonged to the Golden and Rosy Cross)
Tsar Alexander II (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Marie of Hesse (interested in occultism) - (see above)
Tsar Alexander III of Russia (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) - (see above)
Maria Alexandrovna + Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (see above)
Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia
Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia
Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (recieved a letter from Cosima Wagner telling him she believed Ludendorff was the man to save Germany)