FOUNDATIONS OF GEOPOLITICS

Hillary Clinton first used the phrase “vast right-wing conspiracy” in 1998, when she appeared on NBC’s The Today Show in an interview with Matt Lauer, in response to a campaign designed to focus on accusations surrounding the Whitewater scandal, and the exposure of her husband’s various indiscretions. Clinton used the phrase again on August 25, 2016, when she devoted a speech to denouncing the alt-right and linking it to Trump’s presidential campaign. According to Clinton, “The de facto merger between Breitbart and the Trump Campaign represents a landmark achievement for the ‘alt-right.’ A fringe element has effectively taken over the Republican Party.” “The godfather of this global brand of extreme nationalism” Clinton explained, “is Russian President Vladimir Putin.”[1]

As explained in a Chatham House research paper, the Russians recognized that the most volatile weaknesses fracturing the United States were its enduring problem of race, distrust of the government and the media, and seething frustrations with regards to “political correctness.”[2] Where Dugin proposed various strategies for different countries in the Foundations of Geopolitics on how to combat American influence or to gain allies, he prescribed the need for the Russian special services and their allies “to provoke all forms of instability and separatism within the borders of the United States.”[3] Dugin adds:

It is especially important to introduce geopolitical disorder into internal American activity, encouraging all kinds of separatism and ethnic, social and racial conflicts, actively supporting all dissident movements–extremist, racist, and sectarian groups, thus destabilizing internal political processes in the U.S. It would also make sense simultaneously to support isolationist tendencies in American politics…[4]

Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics quickly sold out and became a textbook at various Russian higher education institutions, especially those of the military. As explained by John B. Dunlop, “There has probably not been another book published in Russia during the post-communist period which has exerted an influence on Russian military, police, and statist foreign policy elites comparable to that of Dugin’s 1997 neo-fascist treatise, Foundations of Geopolitics.”[5] The book was a topic of hot discussion among military and civilian analysts at a wide range of institutes, including the Academy of State Management, and in the presidential administration offices at Old Square. Commenting on Dugin’s growing influence, journalist Andrei Kolesnikov remarked: “Extreme right ideology is not only turning into the dominant view in Russian publications and state rhetoric, it is also becoming fashionable in a salon sense.”[6]

As noted by James Clover in Foreign Policy, “Geopolitics was like ‘open source computer software,’ as Dugin put it. He wrote the program, and everyone copied it.”[7] Foundations of Geopolitics was written with the assistance of General Nikolai Klokotov of the General Staff Academy, who served as an official consultant to the project. During the following year of 1998, Dugin’s career took a key step forward when he was named an advisor on geopolitics to Gennadiy Seleznyov, chairman of the Russian State Duma. In 2001, Seleznyov was ranked the tenth most influential political figure in Russia. In March 1999 radio interview, Seleznyov made public the fact that Dugin was serving as one of his advisors and “he urged that Dugin’s geopolitical doctrine be made a compulsory part of the school curriculum.”[8] Klokotov noted that Dugin’s theory of geopolitics had been taught as a subject at the General Staff Academy since the early 1990’s, and that in the future it would “serve as a mighty ideological foundation for preparing a new [military] command.”[9]

Eurofacism 

According to an article in Der Spiegel, in addition to cyber attacks and propaganda, Dugin’s goal is to unite right-wing forces in Europe under the banner of a Eurasian movement.[10] In contrast to the past, when pro-Soviet elements abroad were recruited from the left, Russia is cultivating a base of support that is staunchly right-wing, by branding itself as the leader of a new, global conservatism which is anti-liberal, xenophobic and homophobic, against a supposedly decadent West.[11] “The structure is ideologically based on the expansionist neo-Eurasianism of Alexander Dugin,” according to a report by the Czech intelligence agency BIS.[12] According to Dugin:

Already in the 1990s and especially in the 2000s, Eurasianists began to create a vast and extensive network grounded on the force of those who, like Eurasianists, rejected Atlanticism and North-American hegemony, stood against liberalism and gender politics and were for tradition, the sacred, Christianity and other traditional confessions. Often, the Eurasian network includes conservatives who are usually called “the right” but who are in definitive rivalry to North-American hegemony and “the left.”[13]

Dugin’s efforts in building up connections with the far-right in the Europe are related to similar scheming inside the United States, where he is forging relationships with the alt-right, that have been bolstering Donald Trump’s campaign for the presidency. Russia’s attempt to consolidate international right-wing organizations has come under the umbrella of what is called the “World National-Conservative Movement” (WNCM), a modern-day version of WUNS. The driving force behind the movement is the St. Petersburg branch of the extreme right Rodina (Motherland) and the Russian Imperial Movement. Rodina was founded in 2003, and one of its co-founders was current Vice Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, who is close to both Dugin and Eskin.[14] The list of parties and groups that the founders of the WNCM invited to participate consists of 58 organizations. The majority of them come from Europe and the US, but there are also organizations from Chile, Japan, Mongolia, Syria, and Thailand. They include the British National Party, Golden Dawn in Greece, Jobbik in Hungary, and in the US, David Duke, American Renaissance, American Freedom Party, League of the South and the Traditionalist Youth Network.[15]

As explained by Peter Baker and Steven Erlangerjune in a 2015 article for the New York Times:

Russia appears to be getting some traction lately in countries like Greece, Hungary, the Czech Republic and even Italy and France. Not only is it aligning itself with the leftists traditionally affiliated with Moscow since the Cold War, but it is making common cause with far-right forces rebelling against the rise of the European Union that are sympathetic to Mr. Putin’s attack on what he calls the West’s moral decline.[16]

On March 22, 2015, high-ranking members of some of Europe’s most controversial parties attended the first International Russian Conservative Forum (IRCF) in St. Petersburg, attended by high-ranking members of the WNCM.[17] The forum’s organizers were Rodina, who claimed that it represented the “first forum of the national-oriented political forces of Europe and Russia in world history.” Following a full day of 10-minute speeches by more than 30 ultranationalist commentators and the leaders of radical right-wing parties from seven European Union countries, including Greece, Italy, Germany and Britain, the forum adopted a resolution on the creation of a permanent committee to coordinate Russia’s and Europe’s conservative political forces. They blamed the United States for the Ukraine crisis, deplored the erosion of traditional values in the West and praised President Vladimir Putin’s peacemaking skills.[18]

The bulk of the international part of the IRCF was represented by the Alliance for Peace and Freedom (APF), represented by Nick Griffin, former leader British National Party (BNP). Formed in 1982 by John Tyndall and other former members of the National Front (NF), the BNP established itself as the most prominent extreme-right group in the UK in the 1980s. When Tyndall refused to moderate the party’s policies or image, a growing group of “modernizers” in the party ousted him in favor of Griffin in 1999. In 2002, Tyndall joined in signing the New Orleans Protocol written by David Duke. In an attempt to overcome the divisiveness that had followed the death of William Pierce in 2002, Duke presented a unity proposal for peace within the movement. In 2004, Duke organized a weekend gathering of “European Nationalists,” in the spirit of white nationalism in Kenner, Louisiana. His proposal, now known as the New Orleans Protocol, pledged adherents to a pan-European outlook, recognizing national and ethnic allegiance, but stressing the value of all European peoples. The Protocol was signed by and sponsored by a number of white supremacist leaders and organizations, including Don Black and Willis Carto.

Despite his public denunciations of homosexuality, in 1999, Martin Webster, a former National Front organizer detailed his affair with the party’s president, Nick Griffin. Ray Hill, who infiltrated the British fascist movement for twelve years to gather information for anti-fascist groups, says homosexuality is “extremely prevalent” and nearly half of the movement’s organizers were gay. According to Johann Hari, “The twisted truth is that gay men have been at the heart of every major fascist movement that ever was – including the gay-gassing, homicidal Third Reich. With the exception of Jean-Marie Le Pen, all the most high-profile fascists in Europe in the past 30 years have been gay.”[19] However, National Front party member Olivier Wyssa criticized his former allies, claiming that most of Le Pen’s friends are homosexuals, many of them are “Jewish freemasons.”[20] As Hari points out, it’s a relationship that dates back to the Nazis. Of the numerous examples that Hari mentioned were “Dutch fascist” Pim Fortuyn who was an open homosexual. Fortuyn, who is openly, flamboyantly gay, ran on blatantly racist anti-immigrant platform, describing Islam as “a cancer” and “the biggest threat to Western civilisation today.” When accused of hating Arabs, he replied, “How can I hate Arabs? I sucked one off last night.”[21]

Jorg Haider of Austria’s neo-fascist Freedom Party died while leaving a gay bar, after much media speculation about his rumored homosexual relationships. Hari also mentioned the examples of Edouard Pfieffer, France’s leading post-war fascist, and Michael Kuhnen, Germany’s leading neo-Nazi all through the eighties. Michael Kuhnen died in the early 90s of AIDS after publicly acknowledging his homosexuality.[22] Martin Lee, author of a study of European fascism, explained:

For Kuhnen, there was something supermacho about being a Nazi, as well as being a homosexual, both of which enforced his sense of living on the edge, of belonging to an elite that was destined to make an impact. He told a West German journalist that homosexuals were ‘especially well-suited for our task, because they do not want ties to wife, children and family.’ [23]

The leader of the skinhead movement all through the 1970s, Nicky Crane, was a homosexual. Crane soon became a campaigner and leading figure in the National Front. Before he died of AIDS in the mid-1980s, Crane came out and admitted he had starred in many gay porn videos. Just before he died in 1986, he was allowed to lead a Gay Pride march in London, even though he claimed to be “proud to be a fascist.”

Homofascist websites include Gays Against Semitism and the Aryan Resistance Corps (ARC). According to their philosophy, while white men are superior to other races, gay men are “the masters of the Master Race.” They alone are endowed with the “capacity for pure male bonding” and the “superior intellect” that is needed for “a fascist revolution.” [24] Wyatt Powers, director of ARC, a website for gay Nazis says, “I always knew in my heart racist and gay were both morally right. I don’t see any conflict between them. It’s only the Jew-owned gay press that tries to convince us that racialism is the same thing as homophobia. You can be an extreme nationalist and gay without any contradiction at all.” [25]

Gay pornographer and film-maker Bruce LaBruce claims that “all gay porn today is implicitly fascist. Fascism is in our bones, because it’s all about glorifying white male supremacy and fetishizing domination, cruelty, power and monstrous authority figures.” [26] Searchlight a magazine which publishes exposés about racism, anti-Semitism and fascism in the Britain and elsewhere, offers an alternative explanation: “Generally condemned by a society that continues to be largely hostile to gays, some men may find refuge and a new power status in the far right,” one of their writers has explained. “Through adherence to the politics espoused by fascist groups, a new identity emerges—one where they aren’t outcasts, because they are White Men, superior to everyone else. They render the gay part of their identity invisible—or reject the socially less acceptable parts, like being feminine—while vaunting what they see as superior.” [27]

Griffin is Deputy Chairman of the Alliance for Peace and Freedom (APF), a newly established umbrella organization founded in Brussels on 4 February 2015. The main member parties had been involved in the now defunct European National Front. The APF maintains contacts with conservative circles in Russia and supports the policies of Vladimir Putin, especially in the Ukraine crisis. It maintains friendly relations with the Syrian Baath Party government. The party also maintains contacts with the former leader of the French National Front, Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was expelled from the FN in 2015. APF is represented by the following parties: Forza Nuova of Italy, National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), Party of the Swedes, Greece’s Golden Dawn of Greed, Spain’s National Democracy, Belgium’s Nation and the Danish Party.

According to the website Political Capital, of the 24 right-wing populist parties that took about a quarter of the European Parliament’s seats in May elections, 15 were “committed” to Russia.[28] Far-right parties seen as aligned with Moscow vote against resolutions in the European Parliament critical of Russia and have sent observers to referendums and elections in separatist-held regions of Ukraine like Crimea and Donetsk, alongside members of some far-left parties like Die Linke in Germany and KKE in Greece. Carl Bildt, a former prime minister and foreign minister of Sweden, said the trend was a major concern for Europe. It is “very clear that the Kremlin has every interest in fracturing Europe in whatever ways possible. And it actively seeks to play on every division that it sees.” [29]

The Political Capital Institute, a research organization in Budapest, which first documented Russian interest in Eastern European far-right parties in 2009, reported in March that Moscow’s interest had now spread to Western European countries as well. It listed 15 far-right European parties as “committed” to Russia. The institute’s report said the newfound affiliations “are not necessarily financial, as commonly assumed,” but may involve professional and organizational help. Nevertheless, it said, “Russian influence in the affairs of the far right is a phenomenon seen all over Europe as a key risk for Euro-Atlantic integration.”[30]

Similarly, Austria’s far-right Freedom Party denied charges of support from the Kremlin, allegations made by its left-wing rival, the Social Democratic Party after the Freedom leader, Heinz-Christian Strache, posted pictures of himself and other party leaders at a conference in Moscow that called for an end to sanctions against Russia. The German tabloid Bild reported that the anti-euro Alternative for Germany Party had benefited from cheap gold sales from Russia, which the party also denied. And there have been similar accusations and inquiries with the People’s Party in Slovakia, and in the Baltic States, especially with Latvia’s pro-Russian party, Vlaams Belang in Belgium, Northern League in Italy, and NPD in Germany.[31] Bulgaria’s far right Ataka party is has also been benefitting from Moscow, and as revealed in Wikileaks documents. Party leader Volen Siderov called for Russia’s accession to the EU, and for the Government to “recognise the results from the referendum for Crimea’s joining to the Russian Federation.”[32]

There have also been investigations into some members of Hungary’s far-right Jobbik Party for any financial support from Russia. Jobbik party, which prides itself on its Nazi-type uniforms, anti-Semitic rhetoric and hatred of the Government’s “Euro-Atlantic connections” emerged in June 2014 as the nation’s third most powerful party.[33] That success is concerning for the nation’s Jewish population. “When a far Right party crosses the 20 per cent threshold that means they are a serious political force,” said anti-Semitism researcher Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University.[34]

The party’s leader, Gabor Vona, has stated he wants Hungary to leave the EU and join a Eurasian union instead.[35] Vona visits Moscow frequently. In May 2013, he was invited to address Moscow State University by Dugin, and met with several Russian Duma leaders including Ivan Grachev, chairman of the State Duma Committee for Energy, and Vasily Tarasyuk, deputy chairman of the Committee on Natural Resources and Utilization. Afterwards, it boasted on its website that the visit heralded a major “breakthrough” which made it “clear that Russian leaders consider Jobbik as a partner.”[36] Vona says his mission is “to liberate Hungary from the Euro-Atlantic slavery…and to expel liberal cultural policy and influence from the state sector.” He has praised Putin for defending and fighting for “traditional family values, Christian morality and our common Eurasian heritage,” and claims that the EU is supporting “ethnic cleansing among the Russian-speaking people in Ukraine.”[37]

In Greece, Government attempts to rein in the extreme right-wing Golden Dawn party by stripping its members of political immunity and sending its leader Nikos Michaloliakos to jail failed to stem its popularity. Members use Nazi symbols at rallies, emphasize street fighting, and sing the Greek version of the Nazi Party anthem. Michaloliakos has been open about his links to Russia and reportedly even received a letter of support from Dugin. According to Golden Dawn’s website, Michaloliakos “has spoken out clearly in favor of an alliance and cooperation with Russia, and away from the ‘naval forces’ of the ‘Atlantic.’” [38]

After the Syriza party came to power in Greece in January 2015, it quickly emerged that members had been in correspondence with Alexander Dugin, a Russian ultra-nationalist admired in some Kremlin circles who has called for a genocide of Ukrainians. Alexis Tsipras, Greece’s new prime minister, has spoken against further sanctions on Russia over its backing for separatists in Ukraine, to Moscow’s delight.[39]

The most prominent example has been the National Front in France, which under Le Pen’s daughter Marine has confirmed taking an $11.7 million loan from the First Czech-Russian Bank in Moscow, which has been tied to the Kremlin. Le Pen has denied a further news report that the money was just the first installment of an eventual $50 million in loans to help her party through a presidential election in 2017. Le Pen has publicly stated her vision of a Europe of independent nation states controlled by a tripartite axis between Paris and Berlin and Moscow. France’s ProRussia TV, which is funded by the Kremlin, is staffed by editors with close ties to the National Front who use the station to espouse views close to National Front’s own perspective on domestic and international politics. The National Front wishes to replace the EU and NATO with a pan-European partnership of independent nations, which, incidentally, includes Russia and would be driven by a trilateral Paris-Berlin-Moscow alliance.[40]

Despite the party’s history of anti-Semitism, the FN has forged ties with the notorious Jewish Defense League (JDL), which is classified by the FBI as a terrorist group and is banned from politics in Israel.[41] The French chapter of the JDL has been accused of numerous assaults over the years, including an attack on French-Algerian racial justice activist Houria Bouteldja, and assaulting French Buzzfeed journalist David Perrotin. In 2014 she explained:

I will not stop repeating to French Jews, who are turning to us in increasing numbers, that not only is the National Front not your enemy, but it is without a doubt the best option to protect yourselves in the future… against the one true enemy, Islamist fundamentalists.[42]

The Russian loan “is no secret,” le Pen told Le Monde.[43] She even instructed Front National’s treasurer to report the “loans” to the party congress in December 2014, where they were celebrated in the company of two Russian dignitaries and fellow-travelers like the Italian Matteo Salvini of the League of the North and Holland’s Geert Wilders. Wilders is head of the Party for Freedom, breaks from the established center-right parties in the Netherlands with program items like administrative detention and strong assimilationist stance on the integration of immigrants into Dutch society. In addition, the party is consistently Eurosceptic. Wilders’ travels to Israel as a young adult, as well as to neighboring Arab countries, helped form his political views. He has campaigned to stop what he views as the “Islamization of the Netherlands.” He has compared the Quran to Mein Kampf and has campaigned to have the book banned in the Netherlands, and advocates ending immigration from Muslim countries, and supports banning the construction of new mosques.

Wilders also inspired Anders Behring Breivik, the Norwegian far-right terrorist who committed the 2011 Norway attacks, killing eight people by detonating a van bomb amid the Regjeringskvartalet in Oslo, then shooting dead 69 participants of a Workers’ Youth League (AUF) summer camp on the island of Utøya. Breivik has identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, the Freedom Party of Austria, Hindu nationalism, the right-wing Swiss People’s Party, Winston Churchill, Max Manus, Robert Spencer, former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso, Patrick Buchanan, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Radovan Karadzic, and Geert Wilders, whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could “truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture.” But Wilders quickly distanced himself from Breivik and denounced him as “violent and sick.”[44]

Wilders, who long refused to align himself with European far-right leaders such as Jean-Marie Le Pen and Jörg Haider and expressed concern of being “linked with the wrong rightist fascist groups,” views himself as a right-wing liberal. More recently, however, Wilders worked together with the French National Front’s of Jean-Marie Le Pen’s daughter Marine Le Pen, in a failed attempt to form a parliamentary group in the European Parliament which would also have included the Freedom Party of Austria (FPO), Italy’s Northern League, and Belgium’s Flemish Interest. Anton Reinthaller, the FPO’s first party leader in 1956, was a former Nazi SS officer who had served as a Nazi Minister of Agriculture. The majority of the FPO’s members were former Nazis. In 2000, the US Congress unanimously passed House Resolution 429 condemning the FPO’s entry into Austria’s government, and highlighted the party’s neo-Nazi affiliations.[45]

Marine Le Pen appropriated for herself practically all of the reflections of Emmanuel Leroy, a former member of GRECE, whose name appeared in a leaked list of potentially sympathetic contacts purportedly drafted by Dugin.[46] In a 2008 essay, Leroy advocates “the tight and exclusive control” of telecommunications and the media, “due to their potential utilization as strategic weapons of disinformation.” He also thinks that the state should “assume the right to ban any society or foreign organization whose activities could be detrimental (in political, economic or cultural terms) for the country.” This proposition would be reprised by Le Pen in 2009.[47] In same essay, Leroy advocates “solidarisme,” a nationalist, economically protectionist ideology derived from the traditional fascist “Third Position.” Notably, echoing the language of Dugin, Leroy calls for the replacement of the European Union with “a continental economy… from Brest to Vladivostok.”[48] In 2007, Leroy was a speaker at the “White Forum,” a conference of racists held in Moscow, headlined by former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke. Leroy’s lecture, titled “A letter to a Russian Friend,” appears in the program for the event alongside “Euro-Rus as a Positive Antibiotic against the Negative Cosmopolitan Virus” (for “cosmopolitan” read “Jews”) and “Renaissance of Pan-Aryan Thought.”

Alternative Right

Steve Bannon has referred to the publication as “the platform for the alt-right.”[49] Milo Yiannopoulos, the flamboyant, openly gay conservative Christian and leading figure of the alt-right, was a senior editor at Breitbart News, the movement’s flagship publication, until he was forced to resign for defending pedophilia. In March 2016, Milo and Allum Bokhari published a piece in Breitbart News on the alt-right, which CNN described as being similar to a manifesto.[50] They described the alt-right as being derived from the Old Right as well from various New Right movements of Europe, citing the movement has been influenced by Oswald Spengler, H.L. Mencken, Julius Evola and modern influences such as Pat Buchanan and Samuel T. Francis.[51]

Effectively, the alt-right was a creation of the Regnery family, being the same family who were the original founders of the America First Committee and then the American Security Council, the backbone of the Military-Industrial Complex, as well as the John Birch Society. The alt-right is backed by William Regnery II, the grandson of William H. Regnery, the founding member of the America First Committee and the American Security Council. His uncle, Henry Regnery, was the founder of Regnery Publishing. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, the Regnery family are “a right-wing publishing dynasty that wields tremendous influence among both mainstream conservatives and far-right extremists.”[52] The Regnery family dominates American right-wing politics through their publishing company, Regnery Publishing, as well as The Occidental Quarterly, Human Events and the National Policy Institute (NPI).

At the University of Pennsylvania in the early 1960s, William Regnery II joined the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, endowed by this family, where he remained involved for more than 40 years. On the institute’s board, he associated with former US Attorney General Edwin Meese, Heritage Foundation President Edwin Feulner, and William F. Buckley.[53] However, he was voted off the board in 2006, after he gave a racially charged talk. Regnery is the treasurer of the H.L. Mencken Club founded in 2008 by paleoconservative Jewish academic Paul Gottfried, protégé of the Frankfurt School’s Herbert Marcuse. Other members include Jared Taylor and Peter Brimelow, a former senior editor at Forbes magazine, and founder of VDARE.com, which the Southern Poverty Law Center characterizes as a “white nationalist hate website.”[54] In 2001, Regnery founded the Charles Martel Society, which he described as the “home of Western Nationalism.” He named the Society for the eighth-century Frankish ruler, and grandfather of Charlemagne, famous for defending Gaul in Western Europe against a Muslim invasion. Martel has therefore taken on great significance among some white supremacist circles. The Martel Society describes his victory as “perhaps the most important in European history, [it] meant that the future of Europe would lie in European traditions and culture, not those of the alien Middle East.”[55]

Charles Martel Society board member James Edwards, hosts “The Political Cesspool,” a weekly talk show, which offers an “unapologetically pro-White viewpoint,” Edwards says. Guests have included Duke, Holocaust deniers from Willis Carto’s Institute for Historical Review and, in 2016, Donald Trump Jr., who later claimed that he was duped into an interview. Edwards is on the board of the KKK-affiliated Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC). The CCC publishes the Citizens Informer, whose previous editors included Samuel T. Francis, who became a dominant figure in the council.[56]

In 2005, Regnery and Samuel T. Francis founded the National Policy Institute (NPI), a think tank dedicated to “promot[ing] the American majority’s unique historical, cultural, and biological inheritance.”[57] The founding of the NPI was supported with a grant from the Pioneer Fund.[58] Sam Dickson, a board member of the Charles Martel Society and NPI, has represented former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke, Richard B. Spencer and the Sons of Confederate Veterans. He once invited British Holocaust denier David Irving to Atlanta for a speech on World War II history.

A key figure of the alt-right is Jared Taylor, who was a director of NPI and the spokesman for CCC. Taylor befriended Francis, who encouraged him to found the flagship publication of the alt-right, the racist American Renaissance magazine.[59] American Renaissance has received financial support from the Pioneer Fund, headed by Taylor’s close friend J. Philippe Rushton.[60] Many of the key academic white nationalists in American Renaissance have been funded by the Pioneer Fund, which was also directly involved in funding its parent organization, the New Century Foundation, which describes itself as a “race-realist, white advocacy organization.”[61] Taylor believes in a general correlation between race and intelligence, where blacks are generally less intelligent than whites, and whites are generally less intelligent than East Asians, as expressed in the controversial book The Bell Curve.

Taylor was also in attendance at the Conservative Forum in St. Petersburg.[62] In his speech, Taylor apologized for the actions of the US government and promised his Russian colleagues that regular Americans like himself really support Europe and Russia.[63] Taylor said he was appalled at the attendance list, but came and spoke anyway because they paid for his plane ticket and hotel. “When you’re on the fringe, there’s no soapbox too low,” Taylor said.[64]

Although Taylor is known to eschew anti-Semitism, Don Black and David Duke have attended American Renaissance conferences and have been seen talking with him.[65] Black was a Grand Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan and a member of the American Nazi Party in the 1970s. Black joined the Knights of the KKK in 1975, one year after David Duke took over the organization. In 1995, Black and his wife Chloe, who was previously married to Duke, founded Stormfront, which was the internet’s first major White Nationalist web site. Stormfront began in 1990 as an online bulletin board for Duke’s campaign for United States Senator of Louisiana. Stormfront featured the writings of David Duke, William Luther Pierce, as well as works by Willis Carto’s Institute for Historical Review.

Taylor is also on the editorial advisory board of the Martel Society’s primary publication, The Occidental Quarterly (TOQ), a racist, pseudo-scholarly journal dedicated to “Western perspectives on man, culture, and politics,” published by William Regnery II. The Anti-Defamation League has referred to it as “a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals.”[66] TOQ’s staff have constituted a “Who’s Who” of the radical right, and its founding associate editor was Samuel T. Francis. Its one-time chief editor was Kevin Lamb, who had written for racist publications since the 1990s, when he published articles in Roger Pearson’s Mankind Quarterly. On TOQ’s editorial advisory board was Virginia Abernethy, who ran in 2012 as the vice-presidential candidate for the white supremacist American Freedom Party, formerly the American Third Position Party, that promotes white nationalism. A director of the American Freedom Party is Kevin B. MacDonald, where he is joined by his friend Tomislav Sunic. MacDonald is an original member of TOQ’s editorial board and is on the advisory committee of the National Policy Institute. MacDonald has contributed articles to TOQ claiming that Jews have eugenically and culturally evolved to enhance their ability to out-compete non-Jews for resources.

A former editor of TOQ is Greg Johnson, who in 2010 founded the Counter Currents website, which takes its guiding principles from René Guénon’s The Crisis of the Modern World.[67] According to Johnson, the alt-right emerged to replace the dying paleoconservative movement, except that is explored topics that were traditionally unwelcome by paleoconservatives, such as “neo-pagans, paleomasculinity, White nationalism, things like that.”[68] He is the author of Confessions of a Reluctant Hater and editor of Alain de Benoist’s On Being a Pagan. He heads his own movement, North American New Right, which he sees as a development of the European Nouvelle Droite. In addition to de Benoist, it features the works of Savitri Devi, Julius Evola, H.P. Lovecraft, Francis Parker Yockey, Kerry Bolton, Alexander Dugin and other leading personalities of modern occult fascism. Johnson holds that Esoteric Hitlerism is a form of spirituality designed for white people, an Indo-European religion emphasizing violence, power and virility. Johnson has spent years promoting Devi’s work through Counter-Currents, describing her as “one of the most extraordinary personalities of the 20th century.”[69]

Richard B. Spencer’s AlternativeRight.com attracted the attention of the William Regnery II, who eventually took over the NPI. Spencer received a B.A. from the University of Virginia and in 2003, a M.A. from the University of Chicago. He was attracted to the writings of Leo Strauss, and his master’s thesis was an analysis of Frankfurt Schooler Theodor Adorno, who he argued was afraid to admit his love of Wagner’s music because Wagner was an anti-Semite championed by the Nazis. Spencer dropped out of a PhD program at Duke University, and in 2007 became an editor at The American Conservative, was founded by Scott McConnell (a graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy), Pat Buchanan and Taki Theodoracopulos, a friend of Harvey Weinstein.[70] The magazine, which was founded in opposition to the Iraq War, has served as a voice for opposed to both liberalism and the policies of George W. Bush. But Spencer was eventually fired because he was considered “a bit extreme.”[71]

Spencer then became sole editor of Taki’s Magazine, founded in 2007 by Theodoracopulos, which Spencer slowly evolved into a white nationalist publication. Scott McConnell has also contributed, and the site carries syndicated columns by Pat and Michelle Malkin. Taki’s Magazine garnered some controversy in 2013 after it published articles in support of the Greek neo-Nazi political party Golden Dawn.[72] In December 2009, Spencer left Taki’s to start AlternativeRight.com, which described itself as “an online magazine of radical traditionalism” and “an attempt to forge a new, independent intellectual Right.”[73]

Until October 2016, Spencer was married to Canadian-Russian scholar Nina Kouprianova, who has translated into English some of the articles and books of Dugin, including The Fourth Political Theory and Martin Heidegger, which was published by Spencer’s Radix. Also known as Nina Byzantina, she maintains a website for discussing “Russia, Eurasia, meta- and geopolitics, culture,” and has also written a few articles in Spencer’s Radix Journal website. Kouprianova has criticized Western media coverage of Putin as “unjustifiably critical.”[74] Both she and Spencer have appeared on Russia Today, Putin’s propaganda arm, to defend Russian actions in Ukraine. Spencer calls Russia “the most powerful white power in the world” and admires Vladimir Putin’s authoritarianism.[75] The preface to Dugin’s Martin Heidegger was written by Gottfried. The Occidental Quarterly and Radix both publish articles by Kerry Bolton. Gottfried described Bolton’s Thinkers of the Right: Challenging Materialism as “one of the most enlightening studies of the interwar Right I’ve encountered in years.”[76]

In 2014, Taylor and other leading figures of the alt-right movement, including William H. Regnery II, Richard B. Spencer, and Alexander Dugin, were scheduled to speak at an international conference of white “racial realists” in Hungary, but the Hungarian Interior Ministry banned the event. The Hungary government thought it was a CIA plot,” so they can say Hungary is a home for right-wing extremist activists and then blackmail them in the international media.” Regnery was intercepted at the airport, held overnight and deported. Dugin was denied an entry visa. Spencer entered the country by train, then was picked up in a police raid and handed over to immigration authorities.[77]

Unite the Right

In support of his efforts to gain a prestigious presence for NPI in Washington, Spencer explained, “We need a footprint that says, ‘We’re here, we’re queer, get used to it.’”[78] White nationalist Matt Heimbach accuses the elitist clique of the Spencer’s National Policy Institute (NPI) that runs White Nationalism of being “faggots.”[79] Heimbach is a 2013 graduate of Towson University in Maryland where he established the White Student Union (WSU). Following graduation in 2013, Heimbach’s WSU was folded into the Traditionalist Youth Network, inspired by the teachings of Julius Evola and Francis Parker Yockey. He has connections to several national organizations espousing similar ideologies, most notably the Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC), the League of the South (LOS), the Sons of Confederate Veterans, and the American Freedom Party (AFP).

Heimbach has traveled to Europe several times to seek advice from far-right leaders, including politicians from the nationalist Czech Worker’s Party of Social Justice and Golden Dawn in Greece.[80] Heimbach recently converted to Orthodox Christianity. Dugin gave a (recorded) speech at the 2015 unveiling of Heimbach’s “Trad Youth,” which uses Dugin’s chaos arrow logo.[81] According to him, Nationalists and Traditionalists identify with Alexander Dugin’s philosophy and modern Russia, because the Eurasian civilization exemplifies the Traditional worldview and society of Europe, prior to the influences of liberalism, Freemasonry, imperialism and financial interests.[82] Heimbach claimed that “Putin is the leader, really, of the anti-globalist forces around the world,” adding that Putin’s Russia has become “kind of the axis for nationalists.”[83]

In 2015, the TYN established the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) as its political-party offshoot in preparation for the 2016 elections. On April 22, 2016, the TWP formed a coalition with several other organizations called the Aryan Nationalist Alliance, which later changed its name to Nationalist Front. The Nationalist Front created a coalition that was joined by the neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement (NSM), neo-confederate League of the South, the neo-Nazi Vanguard America, and four other groups. In August 2017, the affiliated groups participated in the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Its stated purpose was to oppose the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee from Emancipation Park, but turned violent after protesters clashed with counter-protesters. A man linked to white-supremacist groups rammed his car into a crowd of counter-protesters, killing one person and injuring nineteen.

Prominent far-right figures in attendance included Richard Spencer, entertainer Baked Alaska, former Libertarian Party candidate Augustus Invictus, David Duke, Identity Evropa leader Nathan Damigo, Right Stuff founder Mike Enoch, League of the South founder Michael Hill, Red Ice host Henrik Palmgren, The Rebel Media commentator Faith Goldy, Right Side Broadcasting Network host Nicholas Fuentes, YouTube personality James Allsup, former Business Insider CTO Pax Dickinson, Right Stuff blogger Johnny Monoxide, Daily Stormer writer Robert “Azzmador” Ray, Daily Caller contributor and rally organizer Jason Kessler, and Radical Agenda host Christopher Cantwell.

The Rebel Media, often cast as Canada’s version of Breitbart, was founded in 2015 by former Sun News Network personalities Ezra Levant and Brian Lilley. Under Levant, who is Jewish, The Rebel has been accused of being a platform for the far-right anti-Muslim ideology known as counter-jihad.[84] Former Sun News reporter Faith Goldy later joined the outlet. Gavin McInnes, founder of the far-right men’s organization Proud Boys, was also a contributor. Many of The Rebel’s contributors announced their departure or were fired following Goldy’s prominent coverage of Unite the Right rally, and her interview with The Daily Stormer.

On March 13, 2018, Heimbach was arrested for allegedly assaulting his wife and his spokesman Matt Parrott, after Heimbach was caught cheating with his wife. At the time, Heimbach was married to Parrott’s stepdaughter from a previous marriage. Following the incident, Parrott shut down the TWP’s websites and said he planned to delete membership data, citing privacy concerns. According to Parrott, the TWP no longer existed, as the group’s credibility had been destroyed in what he called a “white trash circus.”[85] On March 27, Parrott and his lawyer issued a statement that Parrott had not deleted or destroyed the membership information, as it was relevant to an ongoing federal lawsuit over the August Unite the Right rally.[86]

Arktos Media 

Also attending Unite the Right rally was Daniel Friberg, founders of Arktos Media, which connects the American alt-right to their European counterparts.[87] British anti-fascist magazine Searchlight identified a direct link between Friberg and Richard B. Spencer in the launch by the NPI and Arktos Media of a joint AltRight website in January 2017, where Dugin is a regular contributor.[88] Searchlight followed the progress of Putin’s subversion and alliance with numerous far-right political groups in the United Kingdom, and has concluded that those from whom the threat is most evident are the Traditional Britain Group (TBG), Generation Identity, the Nazi Forum groups, and Arktos Media.[89]

TBG is a traditionalist radical conservative political organization in the United Kingdom. Its President is Lord Sudeley. The Vice President, Professor John Kersey, describes himself as a “radical traditionalist and paleolibertarians.”[90] With the death of its Patron, General Sir Walter Walker, the Western Goals Institute (WGI) in London was wound up, and its Vice-President, Gregory Lauder-Frost, founded the TBG in 2001 to continue much of the WGI’s work in the UK.[91] Lauder-Frost was also a former officer of the Conservative Monday Club, which was connected to Le Cercle. Lauder-Frost who read Modern History at Oxford, holds a PhD on “The Last 50 Years of Imperial Russia,” is an established expert on genealogy, and was Publications Editor and Secretary-General of the international Monarchist League.[92]

The TBG are inspired by Joseph de Maistre, authors of the German Conservative Revolution, including Oswald Spengler, Ernst Jünger and Martin Heidegger, and fascist luminaries like Corneliu Codreanu, and Francis Parker-Yockey. Another more significant reference, cited very regularly on their webpage and throughout other material developed, is Julius Evola.[93] Searchlight has also exposed a connection between Lauder-Frost and a Russian think-tank called Katehon, whose supervisory board includes Leonid Reshetnikov, retired lieutenant-general of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service and Alexander Dugin.[94] TBG also helped to promote a recent conference October 12, 2013, that included Dugin, and featured Alain de Benoist as a keynote speaker, titled “The End Of The Present World Conference.” Oliver Lane, a TBG regular and close friend of Lauder-Frost, is a journalist specializing in terrorism and radicalization for Breitbart News.[95]

The 2015 Annual Conference of the TGB included John Morgan, Editor-in-Chief of Arktos Books. The co-founder and CEO of Arktos is Swedish mining tycoon Daniel Friberg, who is virtually unknown in his native Sweden, but who is regarded by Searchlight as “one of the most influential figures in the global far right.”[96] The name “Arktos” recalls the title of Dugin’s esoteric publication, Arktogeya. Joscelyn Godwin wrote Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism and Nazi Survival, referring to the primeval homeland of the Aryans, identified with Thule and Agartha. Arktos is Ursa Major, the most prominent constellation in the Northern Hemisphere. According to Godwin, the four positions of the constellation, corresponding to the four seasons of the zodiac, are symbolized by the swastika.[97] The swastika is therefore also a symbol of the North Pole, which since the Ancient Mysteries has been worshipped as a phallic symbol, circled by the constellation Draco, or the Dragon, depicted by the lion-headed depiction of Mithras.

The constellations of the Big Dipper (Ursa Major) and Little Dipper (Ursa Minor) rotating around the precessional north celestial pole (centred in α Ursae Minoris). In the four phases of time they draw a swirling swastika. The pole star with the seven stars of the north, and the swastika symbol, are used in many cultures of the world since immemorial times to represent the principle of reality, or the God of the universe, in its way of manifestation/generation.

Arktos started to gain an international profile around five years ago for reprinting old Nazi and hate material as well as new books for a new generation of more sophisticated rightwing extremists, especially European New Right and Identitarian books.[98] It focuses on Traditionalist and esoteric fascist material, and publishes the works of Dugin, H.P. Lovecraft, Julius Evola, Alain de Benoist, Kerry Bolton, and even Bal Gandadhar Tilak’s The Arctic Home of the Vedas, and van den Bruck’s Germany’s Third Empire. Arktos has publishes Fighting for the Essence: Western Ethnosuicide or European Renaissance? by Pierre Krebs, founder of the Thule-Seminar, the German branch of GRECE. Despite his known Jewish roots, Arktos has also published Paul Gottfried’s War and Democracy.

Patrik Hermansson, a 25-year-old graduate student from Sweden, went undercover in the alt-right, and secretly recorded Jason Reza Jorjani, a founder, along with the American white nationalist Richard Spencer and others, of the AltRight Corporation. Jorjani’s first book, Prometheus and Atlas, published by Arktos in 2016, won the 2016 Book Award from the Parapsychological Association. Jorjani told Hermansson:

We will have a Europe, in 2050, where the bank notes have Adolf Hitler, Napoleon Bonaparte, Alexander the Great. And Hitler will be seen like that: like Napoleon, like Alexander, not like some weird monster who is unique in his own category — no, he is just going to be seen as a great European leader.[99]

TBG conferences have also shared with NPI in showcasing Greg Johnson, Tomislav Sunic and Alex Kurtagic, who also one of the most anticipated speakers at the 2013 NPI conference, where he proclaimed, ““Egalitarianism must be shown as an evil.”[100] Kerry Bolton publishes the journal Ab Aeterno, whose contributors have included Sunic, Dr. Dimitris Michalopoulos, Dugin, and others. Sunic, who is considered one of the most important intellectuals of the Nouvelle Droite, is a former professor who lectured on Carl Schmitt. Sunic’s books and views can be described as being in the style of the GRECE, the school of thought of Alain de Benoist, who wrote a preface to Sunić’s book and whose articles Sunić often translates into English. Sunic’s articles have been published in a variety of American, French, German and Croatian journals, including the now defunct Journal of Historical Review, which is associated with the Noontide Press of Willis Carto. Both Paul Gottfried and Alain de Benoist wrote a preface to Sunić’s Against Democracy and Equality. In October 2013, NPI hosted a national conference, “After the Fall”, at which speakers included some from the previous conference including Spencer, Alex Kurtagic and Sunic, along with new speakers such as Alain de Benoist, Jack Donovan and William Regnery II.

Kurtagic has collaborated with Kerry Bolton and is friends with and publishes the works of Troy Southgate. Kurtagic is the founder of Supernal Music, a mail order catalogue of Black Metal music, and the author of novels drawing inspiration from Ernst Jünger, Miguel Serrano and Savitri Devi. He the co-editor of Spencer’s Alternative Right, and has written for American Renaissance, Takimag, The Occidental Quarterly and Counter-Currents, where he has published reviews of Savitri Devi, Miguel Serrano and H.P. Lovecraft. Kurtagic was the editor of a recent edition of Francis Parker Yockey’s Imperium, which features a forward by Kerry Bolton.

Kurtagic is the author of Mister, published by Iron Sky Press in 2009, with a foreword written by Tomislav Sunic. Mister involves a dystopian future Europe where an underground Esoteric Hitlerist cult, who have established secret bases in Antarctica, is secretly conspiring to overthrow the system. They are also responsible for freeing a fictional Kevin MacDonald, who in the novel had been incarcerated and becomes the world’s number one fugitive. Kurtagic was recently working on his second novel about National Socialist UFO’s.

Kurtagic is the editor-in-chief of Wermod & Wermod Publishing Group, which has published Blood by Jonathan Bowden, English political activist who spoke highly of Evola and his ideas and gave lectures on his philosophy. According to the book’s description:

Blood covers a wide range of topics, including Western Marxism and Louis Althusser, the psychology of Satanism, National Socialism, the conduct of war, virtual reality, the adoption within the art world of Left-wing norms, the Situationist International, Stuart Home, Wyndham Lewis, and the tensions between art and totalitarian politics.

During the early 1990s, Bowden stated that he had been the deputy chair of the Western Goals Institute.[101] In 1992, Bowden and Stuart Millson, an officer of the Western Goals Institute, and a close friend of Gregory Lauder-Frost, co-founded the Revolutionary Conservative Caucus. In 2003, Bowden joined the British National Party (BNP), where he was appointed “Cultural Officer” by Nick Griffin. In 2005, with Troy Southgate, Bowden founded New Right, a pan-European nationalist, conservative revolutionary think tank, directly inspired by the French Nouvelle Droite. The New Right’s symbol is a modified version of the eight-arrowed symbol of chaos magic, similar to the symbol of Dugin’s Eurasia Party.

Brexit 

The Traditional Britain Group (TBG) has ties with the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), who excised a significant influence in Brexit, which was part of a strategy by the Russians, following Dugin’s blueprint, of undermining NATO and the European Union. Russia’s alliance with the European far-right has been seeking to undermine the “Atlanticist” power by fomenting right-wing agitation across Europe against America, NATO and the European Union. “Overall,” says Peter Pomerantsev, author of Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible, a study of the world of Kremlin propaganda, Russia’s plan “is to have a way to subvert European unity, and ultimately Euro-Atlantic unity.”[102] For the most part, Russian subversive activities have sought to fuel support for the far-right by fomenting controversy over foreign immigration, particularly from Muslim countries.

Immigration is one of the central political issues in many European countries, and increasingly also at European Union level. Opposition to high levels of legal immigration has been associated with certain right-wing parties in the EU. Right-wing parties critical to immigration have entered the government in Austria, Denmark, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Slovakia, and have become major factors in English, Swedish, German and French politics.[103] Prominent European opponents of immigration have included Jean-Marie Le Pen, Thilo Sarrazin, Fjordman, the late Jörg Haider and Pim Fortuyn.[104] Fortuyn was assassinated during the 2002 Dutch national election campaign by Volkert van der Graaf, who said he murdered Fortuyn to stop him from exploiting Muslims as “scapegoats” and targeting “the weak members of society” in seeking political power.[105]

Right-wing European nationalists suggest that unassimilated immigrants as threatening their historic cultures and a violation of their rights of a land for their own peoples. With high levels of unemployment and only partly unassimilated non-European immigrant populations already within the EU, political parties opposed to immigration have improved their position in polls and elections. The fears are compounded by the fact that many immigrants in Western Europe are poor, working class Muslims from the Middle East and Northern Africa.

The anti-immigration perspective is predominantly nationalist, cultural and economic. A new index measuring the level of perceived threat from immigrants has been recently proposed and applied to a data set covering 47 European countries and regions.[106] The results show that Malta and Cyprus have the strongest perception of socio-economic threat from immigrants, followed by Austria, Great Britain, Northern Ireland and Hungary, and that the countries/regions with the weakest perception of threat are Armenia, Sweden, Romania and Northern Cyprus.

According to US Air Force General Philip Breedlove, a top US and NATO commander in Europe, Putin and his ally, Syrian President Bashar Assad, are “weaponizing” the region’s refugee crisis and are using it to undermine Europe’s security and unity. Breedlove, the supreme allied commander in Europe for the 28-member military alliance NATO, told a hearing of the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee Tuesday that, “Together, Russia and the Assad regime are deliberately weaponizing migration in an attempt to overwhelm European structures and break European resolve.” Syria’s alleged use of barrel bombs against its own civilians, as well as Russia’s “indiscriminate” air strikes in Syria, supposedly used to help the West combat Islamic State but seemingly targeting rebel groups who oppose the Assad government, had been aimed at displacing civilians and creating a refugee crisis, Breedlove added.[107]

With over a million migrants arriving in 2015 alone, according to the UN, the new arrivals have put strains on the region’s resources and political unity with southern European countries such as recession-hit Greece hit hardest by the amount of people arriving by sea. European ministers met in February 2015 to discuss the migrant crisis, amid rising concerns that the survival of the region could be at stake. At the meeting in Vienna, Austria warned that the influx of migrants needed to be reduced immediately with the country’s interior minister saying it was “a matter of survival for the EU.”[108]

According to Searchlight, “Potentially, we could see the [TBG] emerging as one holding an informal sway over localized sections of the more radical activists found within UKIP’s support base.”[109] Immigration was a top priority for voters in the Leave camp in the recent Brexit vote, calling for the UK to leave the European Union, according to pre-referendum polling. Leave leaders like Nigel Farage of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and former London mayor and likely next Prime Minister Boris Johnson have been clear on their position that “taking back control” of the UK’s borders is critical to future economic health.

UKIP is a Eurosceptic and right-wing populist political party founded in 1991 by the historian Alan Sked as the Anti-Federalist League, a single-issue Eurosceptic party. Renamed UKIP in 1993, the party adopted a wider right-wing platform and gradually increased its support, calling for the UK’s exit from the European Union. Under Farage’s leadership, from 2009 the party tailored its policies towards the white working-class, before making significant breakthroughs in the 2013 local elections and the 2014 European elections, where UKIP received the most votes. At the 2015 general election, the party gained the third largest vote share, but only one seat in the House of Commons.

Farage also had close ties to Steve Bannon who helped the UKIP in the campaign for Brexit. Farage also first met Steve Bannon in the summer of 2012, when Bannon, who was interested in rightwing movements in Europe, invited Farage to spend a few days in New York and Washington. Referring to Bannon, Farage told the New Yorker last year: “I have got a very, very high regard for that man’s brain.”[110]

As noted by Lucas Powers in an analysis for the CBC News, “Part of that scapegoating has been to point the finger at migrants for the UK’s slow and disappointing recovery from the financial crisis of 2008, as well as for disappearing public services, especially in places outside of major urban centers.”[111] The number of foreign-born people living in the UK more than doubled over the last decade, from 3.8 million in 1993 to about 8.3 million in 2014. Statistics released a few weeks before the vote showed net migration to the UK had reached 333,000 in 2015 were thought to be an essential factor in the Leave win. Interestingly, the Leave camp won support across a diverse subsection of voters, both politically and economically. The clearest factor seemed to be education: those with a university degree voted overwhelmingly to remain, while those without one did the opposite, according to The Guardian newspaper.[112]

According to Jonathan Stern, a New York-based Kahanist, in an interview with alt-right website Amerika.org, “It is impossible to even begin to quantify the degree to which Kahanism has been revived by Brexit, the victory of Trump and the rise of the National Front in France and other populist movements in Europe,” said Stern. “I am a Jewish nationalist first and foremost, but Jews are white, so naturally I recognize the logic behind white nationalism,” Stern said. “What we have in common with all these movements is that we are all nationalists.”[113] In addition to his activism in Israel, Dugin’s associate Avigdor Eskin is a leading figure in the outreach of right-wing Zionist Jews to American alt-right and certain nationalist movement in Western Europe. He is a prominent figure in supporting the Afrikaner Rights movement, promoting the movement within Israel and Russia. He has cooperated with Jean-Marie Le Pen and Belgian nationalists, on condition that they disassociated themselves from their anti-Semitic statements.[114]

Bannonism

In a speech for the Institute for Human Dignity at the Vatican City, Bannon called Putin “very, very, very intelligent,” and claimed that “our Church” has to explore what he is doing with Traditionalism, particularly where it supports the cause of nationalism. Referring to Dugin, Bannon explained:

When Vladimir Putin, when you really look at some of the underpinnings of some of his beliefs today, a lot of those come from what I call Eurasianism; he’s got an adviser who harkens back to Julius Evola and different writers of the early 20th century who are really the supporters of what’s called the traditionalist movement, which really eventually metastasized into Italian fascism. A lot of people that are traditionalists are attracted to that.[115]

Following Andrew Breitbart’s death in 2012, former board member Steve Bannon became executive chairman and Solov became CEO. It was $10 million of Mercer’s money that enabled Bannon, a fellow CNP member, to fund Breitbart with the express intention of being a Huffington Post for the right.[116] Bannon also co-founded the Government Accountability Institute (GAI) in 2012, which received funding from the Mercer Family Foundation and the Koch brothers-affiliated Donors Trust.[117] GAI’s research methods include analyzing tax filings, flight logs, and foreign government documents as well as engaging in data-mining on the deep web.[118] The group is known for its involvement with the publication of the investigative books Clinton Cash: The Untold Story of How and Why Foreign Governments and Businesses Helped Make Bill and Hillary Rich and Bush Bucks: How Public Service and Corporations Helped Make Jeb Rich.

Bloomberg called Bannon “the most dangerous political operative in America.”[119] “Darkness is good,” Bannon told The Hollywood Reporter, “Dick Cheney. Darth Vader. Satan. That’s power. It only helps us when they get it wrong. When they’re blind to who we are and what we’re doing.”[120] In an interview with The Daily Beast, Bannon proudly claimed, “I’m a Leninist.” “Lenin,” he answered, “wanted to destroy the state, and that’s my goal too. I want to bring everything crashing down, and destroy all of today’s establishment.”[121] According to two of Bannon’s former friends, two of his favorite books are Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, and the Hindu Bhagavad Gita, which latter tells the story of a holy war to establish dharma. One also noted his “obsession” with the military battles of ancient Greece and Rome, which his personal favorite being the Peloponnesian War fought between Athens and Sparta. “He talked a lot about Sparta—how Sparta defeated Athens, he loved the story,” Jones said.[122]

Bannon is a former lieutenant in the United States Navy, having served as a special assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations at the Pentagon. After gaining an MBA at Harvard, he went on to become a vice-president of Goldman-Sachs. In 1993, Bannon was made acting director of Biosphere 2, an ecological experiment were eight people and thousands of plants were to survive in an enclosed environment, but the project ran into numerous problems and was suspected of quackery for its association with a New Age cult. The project was founded by John P. Allen, who had been the leader of a commune known as Synergia Ranch in the 1970s, which was called a “Jonestown-like cult.” Allen was accused of practicing mind-control and physically abusing members. According to Allen, “We can accelerate evolution itself by assisting in the planet’s evolutionary drive.”[123] Allen taught an apocalyptic philosophy that life on Earth is headed for ecological disaster and that man’s only hope is to start a New Age civilization on Mars. As one scientist observed, they rejected all warnings about foreseeable problems with the project, responding that “traditional science screwed up the earth so we don’t need it.”[124]

In the 1990s, he became an executive producer in the Hollywood film and media industry, producing eighteen films. In 2004, he was introduced to Peter Schweizer and publisher Andrew Breitbart, who would later describe him as the Leni Riefenstahl of the Tea Party movement.[125] In 2007, Bannon wrote a treatment for a new documentary called Destroying the Great Satan: The Rise of Islamic Facism (sic) in America. The outline describes CAIR and the Islamic Society of North America as “cultural jihadists.” Bannon labels the Washington Post, the New York Times, NPR, “Universities and the Left,” the “American Jewish Community,” the ACLU, CIA, FBI, the State Department, and the White House as “enablers” of a covert mission to establish an Islamic Republic in the United States.[126]

From an early age, Bannon had been influenced by his family’s traditionalist Catholicism.[127] Known as a voracious reader, Bannon started with Roman Catholic history, then moved on to Christian mysticism and from there to Eastern metaphysics. In the Navy, he had briefly practiced Zen Buddhism.[128] Bannon’s reading eventually led him to the work of René Guénon.[129] Common themes of the collapse of Western civilization and the loss of the transcendent in Guénon’s The Crisis of the Modern World and Evola’s Revolt Against the Modern World drew Bannon to Traditionalism. As summarized by Joshua Green in Devil’s Bargain, Guénon, like Bannon, was drawn to grand apocalyptic view of history that identified two events as marking the spiritual decline of the West: the destruction of the Knights Templar in 1312 and the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. [130] Also like Bannon, Guénon and Evola believed that the West was passing through the Kali Yuga, a 6,000-​year “dark age” when “tradition” is wholly forgotten.

Bannon’s dark apocalyptic vision is inspired by The Fourth Turning, a book by William Strauss and Neil Howe. As a documentary filmmaker Bannon discussed the details of the Strauss-Howe generational theory in Generation Zero. According to historian David Kaiser, who served as a consultant, the film “focused on the key aspect of their theory, the idea that every 80 years American history has been marked by a crisis, or ‘fourth turning’, that destroyed an old order and created a new one”. Kaiser said Bannon is “very familiar with Strauss and Howe’s theory of crisis, and has been thinking about how to use it to achieve particular goals for quite a while.”[131] The authors describe each turning as lasting about 20–22 years. Four turnings make up a full cycle of about 80 to 90 years, which the authors term a saeculum, after the Latin word meaning both “a long human life” and “a natural century.”

As the authors claim, they reject perceptions of linear history: “Instead we adopt the insight of nearly all traditional societies: that social time is a recurring cycle in which events become meaningful only to the extent that they are what philosopher Mircea Eliade calls ‘reenactments.’”[132] They describe a four-stage cycle of social or mood eras which they call “turnings” which include: The High, The Awakening, The Unraveling and The Crisis. According to the authors, the Fourth Turning is a Crisis. This is an era of destruction, often involving war, in which institutional life is destroyed and rebuilt in response to a perceived threat to the nation’s survival. After the crisis, civic authority revives, cultural expression redirects towards community purpose, and people begin to locate themselves as members of a larger group.[133]

A February 2017 article from Business Insider titled, “Steve Bannon’s obsession with a dark theory of history should be worrisome,” commented: “Bannon seems to be trying to bring about the ‘Fourth Turning’.”[134] Ann Hornaday, film critic for the Washington Post, in reference to Bannon’s Fourth Turning film Generation Zero, noted: “Bring on the Apocalypse. There’s an almost fetishistic desire to see everything blow up. It’s almost like he’s inviting a cleansing fire, to just raze the edifice, raze the institutions. I think it’s that dramatic.”[135]

In his speech for the Institute for Human Dignity, Bannon, who is a Catholic, explained that the Church and Western civilization are in “outright war” with secularism “jihadist Islamic fascism.” We asserted that it marked the very beginning stages of “a very brutal and bloody conflict,” and he calls on “church militants” to bind together and fight for their beliefs. Pat Buchanan embraced Church Militant theology in a 2009 essay in the conservative magazine Human Events, claiming that, “a triumphant secularism has captured the heights, from Hollywood to the media, the arts and the academy, and relishes nothing more than insults to and blasphemous mockery of the Church of Rome.”[136]

The Institute for Human Dignity (IHD) was founded by Breitbart contributor Benjamin Harnwell, a longtime aide to Conservative member of the European Parliament Nirj Deva, to promote a “Christian voice” in European politics.[137] The Institute also supports Matteo Salvini, the head of the Northern League party, the rightwing Italian nationalist who has praised Benito Mussolini and is a staunch supporter of Donald Trump, and Marion Le Pen, the National Front “rising star” and niece of party leader Marine Le Pen.[138] Otto von Habsburg is a patron of the institute.[139] Succeeding Harnwell as chairman was Lord Nicholas Windsor, the youngest child of the Duke of Kent, Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, the governing body of Freemasonry in England and Wales.[140]

The institute has ties to traditionalist Catholics who oppose Vatican II and the reforms of Pope Francis, such as American cardinal Raymond Burke, the patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Burke has also been supporting the reconciliation of the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX) with the Vatican.[141] Bannon met with Burke in 2014, with whom he shares a suspicion that Francis is a dangerously misguided, and probably “socialist.”[142] Pope Francis replaced Burke after a confrontation with the knights over its alleged distribution of condoms, which also resulted in the pope removing the order’s grand master. According to one influential knight, there was a sense in the order that the grand master followed the lead of Cardinal Burke because he projected authority that stemmed from his support by the Trump administration.[143] In hopes of addressing the condom issue, the Pope met with Burke in private on November 10, 2016, who also made it clear to Burke that he wanted Freemasonry “cleaned out” from the order.[144]

Bannon and Burke have both been associated with Gloria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis, widow of 1001 Club member and Knight of Malta, Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (1926 – 1990). The dynasty of Thurn and Taxis are one of the wealthiest families in Europe, and have long been associated with the Rothschilds, the Illuminati and the Asiatic Brethren. Through descent from King Miguel I of Portugal, Johannes is related to several reigning hereditary heads of state in Europe. He also descends from the dynasties of that have figured heavily in the history of the occult: Wittelsbach, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Braganza and the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. As a member of the Thule Society, Johannes’ great-uncle, Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis (1888 – 1919), was killed by the Bavarian Soviet Republic government during the German Revolution of 1918–19.

When she was nineteen, Gloria met and married her husband, then 53. Gloria and her husband were known for their lavish lifestyle, becoming social and fashion icons in the 1980s. Gloria became part of the European jet set and was referred to in the media as the “punk princess” and “Princess TNT,” hanging out in the clubs with Mick Jagger and Andy Warhol [145] In the 1970s, Johannes threw avant-garde parties and as he was bisexual, he was often seen in gay discos.[146] Gloria, who has also become a successful artist, was asked by the Hotel Chelsea to do a series of pastels of its most famous tenants.[147] Gloria is also a close friend of Hillary Clinton and was one of the dozen or so women to attend her pre-2016 Election Day birthday party.[148]

Gloria’s 500-room castle in Regensburg was suggested by Bannon as a potential site for a “Gladiator School” to educate and train right-wing Catholics.[149] According to the New York Times, Gloria, who is now a devout Traditionalist Catholic and a close friend of Pope Benedict, “has grown into the sun queen around which many traditionalist Roman Catholics opposed to Pope Francis orbit.” Gloria also works closely with Carlo Maria Viganò, who is best known for having exposed two major Vatican scandals: the Vatican leaks scandal of 2012, in which he revealed financial corruption in the Vatican, and a 2018 letter in which he accused Pope Francis and other Church leaders of covering up sexual abuse allegations against former cardinal Theodore McCarrick. The New York Times stated that Viganò’s letter contained “unsubstantiated allegations and personal attacks,” and described it as “an extraordinary public declaration of war against Francis' papacy at perhaps its most vulnerable moment.”[150]

Under Bannon’s leadership, explained Robert Mackey in “Steve Bannon Made Breitbart a Space for Pro-Israel Writers and Anti-Semitic Readers” for The Intercept, “the site became wildly popular with anti-Semitic readers by aggressively marketing conspiracy theories about a ‘globalist’ financial and media elite of ‘puppet masters’ secretly running the world.”[151] And in the early months of the Trump presidency, Bannon clearly emerged as a hawk on issues related to Israel, and a partner for right-wing groups and activists who hoped to push the Trump administration far to the right of traditional American foreign policy in the Middle East.

The Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) came to Bannon’s defense and accused the ADL of a “character assassination.” “To accuse Mr. Bannon and Breitbart of anti-Semitism is Orwellian. In fact, Breitbart bravely fights against anti-Semitism,” the organization said in a statement.[152] Bannon also received strong backing from Caroline Glick, a Jerusalem Post columnist whom Prime Minister Netanyahu tried to persuade to join the Likud’s list for the Knesset in Israel’s 2015 election. Glick wrote on her Facebook account that “Steve Bannon is not anti-Semitic. Period. He is anti-leftist.”[153] The Republican Jewish Coalition also released a statement, attributed to board member Bernie Marcus, who claimed that Bannon “is a passionate Zionist and supporter of Israel.”[154] Other right-wing figures who came to Bannon’s defense included Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, an associate of Republican billionaire Sheldon Adelson, and Joel Pollak, a Jewish writer and editor at Breitbart. In 1988, Boteach was sent at age 22 by Rabbi Schneerson himself as a Chabad-Lubavitch shaliach (emissary) to Oxford, England.[155] Yet the most significant support for Bannon came from Israel’s chief representative in the United States, Ambassador Ron Dermer.[156]

And yet, Breitbart, under Bannon’s management has aligned itself not only with the American alt-right but also with the European populist right.[157] Breitbart News announced that it was expanding into France and that it hired the National Front party leader’s niece, Marion Marechal-Le Pen, to run Breitbart News there. Nevertheless, as related by Robert Mackey, “many of those parties, including the French National Front and the Dutch Freedom Party, are also staunch supporters of Israel, seeing in the Jewish state’s nationalist ideology a mirror of their own quest to live in ethnically pure nation states, free to discriminate against or expel Muslims.”[158] Marion also admitted in 2014, “It’s true, I often go to the Russian Embassy. May aunt encourages me to do so.”[159]

[1] Tim Hains. “Clinton Ties Trump to InfoWars And Breitbart: ‘A Fringe Element Has Taken Over The Republican Party’” Real Clear Politics (August 25, 2016).

[2] Orysia Lutsevych. “Agents of the Russian World Proxy Groups in the Contested Neighbourhood.” Russia and Eurasia Programme (Chatham House, April 2016).

[3] Aleksandr Dugin. Osnovy geopolitiki: Geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii (Moscow: Arktogeya, 1997), p. 248.

[4] Ibid., p. 367.

[5] Dunlop. “Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics.”

[6] Ibid.

[7] Charles Clover. “The Unlikely Origins of Russia’s Manifest Destiny.” Foreign Policy (July 27, 2016).

[8] Dunlop. “Aleksandr Dugin’s Foundations of Geopolitics.”

[9] Ibid.

[10] “The Hybrid War: Russia’s Propaganda Campaign Against Germany.” Der Spiegel (February 5, 2016).

[11] Ibid.

[12] Ibid.

[13] Alexander Dugin. “Eurasia in the Netwar Eurasian Networks in the Eve of 2015.” Open Revolt (December 17, 2014).

[14] Shay Fogelman. “‘We Wo’” Haaretz (November 5, 2010).

[15] Anton Shekhovtsov. “Russian politicians building an international extreme right alliance.” Verdens Gang (September 14, 2015).

[16] Peter Baker and Steven Erlangerjune, “Russia Uses Money and Ideology to Fight Western Sanctions.” New York Times (June 8, 2015), Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/08/world/europe/russia-fights-wests-ukraine-sanctions-with-aid-and-ideology.html?_r=1

[17] Anton Shekhovtsov. “Russian politicians building an international extreme right alliance.” Verdens Gang (September 14, 2015).

[18] Gabrielle Tetrault-Farber. “Russian, European Far-Right Parties Converge in St. Petersburg.” Moscow Times (March 22, 2015).

[19] Johann Hari. “The Strange, Strange Story of the Gay Fascists,” The Huffington Post, (October 21, 2008).

[20] “Europe’s far right flocks to Russia International conservative forum held in St. Petersburg.” Meduza (March 24, 2015).

[21] Hari. “The Strange, Strange Story of the Gay Fascists.”

[22] Ibid.

[23] Ibid.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Ibid.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Owen Matthews. “The Kremlin’s Campaign to Make Friends” Newsweek (February 16, 2015). Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/27/kremlins-campaign-make-friends-307158.html

[29] Peter Baker and Steven Erlangerjune, “Russia Uses Money and Ideology to Fight Western Sanctions.” New York Times (June 8, 2015).

[30] Ibid.

[31] Tom Parfitt. “How Vladimir Putin is building alliances around the world.” The Telegraph, (February 17, 2015).

[32] Marco Giannangeli. “Nigel Farage is another of Moscow’s darlings as Putin backs Right” The Express (June 1, 2014).

[33] Ibid.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Ibid.

[36] Ibid.

[37] Owen Matthews. “The Kremlin’s Campaign to Make Friends” Newsweek (February 16, 2015). Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/27/kremlins-campaign-make-friends-307158.html

[38] Marco Giannangeli. “Nigel Farage is another of Moscow’s darlings as Putin backs Right”

[39] Tom Parfitt. “How Vladimir Putin is building alliances around the world.”

[40] Mitchell A. Orenstein. “Putin’s Western Allies: Why Europe’s Far Right Is on the Kremlin’s Side.” Foreign Affairs (March 25, 2014). Retrieved from

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2014-03-25/putins-western-allies

[41] Adar Primor. “The Daughter as De-demonizer.” Haaretz (January 7, 2011).

[42] Rob Bryan. “How a Violent Jewish Extremist Group Went From the Fringes to the Mainstream French Right-Wing.” AlterNet (August 24, 2016).

[43] Steve Weissman. “Putin Funds Far Right in France. “‘It’s No Secret,’ says Marine Le Pen.” Reader Supported News (December 4, 2014).

[44] Peter Cluskey. “Wilders describes suspect as ‘violent and sick’.” The Irish Times (July 26, 2011).

[45] Nafeez Ahmed. “A Fourth Reich is rising across Europe — with ties to Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin.” Medium (June 22, 2016).

[46] “Marine Le Pen’s Closest Advisor Comes Out of the Shadows In Donetsk” Daily Beast (May 14, 2015) Retrieved from http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/05/14/marine-le-pen-s-closest-advisor-comes-out-of-the-shadows-in-donetsk.html

[47] Ibid.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Philip Elliott & Zeke Miller. “Inside Donald Trump’s Chaotic Transition.” Time (November 18, 2016).

[50] Gregory Krieg, “Clinton is attacking the ‘Alt-Right’—What is it?” CNN.

[51] “An Establishment Conservative’s Guide To The Alt-Right.” Breitbart (March 29, 2016).

[52] “William H. Regnery.” Southern Poverty Law Center (accessed April 25, 2017).

[53] Lance Williams. “‘The Alt-Right Side of History Will Prevail.’” Mother Jones (July 21, 2017).

[54] Larry Keller. “Prominent Racists Attend Inaugural H.L. Mencken Club Gathering.” Southern Poverty Law Center (November 26, 2008).

[55] “William H. Regnery II.” Southern Poverty Law Centre. Retrieved from https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/william-h-regnery-ii

[56] Heidi Berich & Kevin Hicks, “White Nationalism in America,” Hate Crimes (ed. Barbara Perr: Praeger, 2009), pp. 112.

[57] Ibid.

[58] Michael Wines & Stephanie Saul. “White Supremacists Extend Their Reach Through Websites.” New York Times (July 5, 2015).

[59] Timothy Shenk. “The dark history of Donald Trump’s rightwing revolt.” The Guardian (August 16, 2016).

[60] “Pioneer Fund.” Southern Poverty Law Center (accessed May 21, 2018).

[61] Barry Mehler. “Race Science and the Pioneer Fund.” Originally published as “The Funding of the Science.” Searchlight, No. 277 (July 7, 1998).

[62] “Ex-Ontario teacher is international director of American ‘white nationalist’ group that influenced Dylann Roof.” National Post (June 23, 2015).

[63] “Europe’s far right flocks to Russia International conservative forum held in St. Petersburg.” Meduza (March 24, 2015).

[64] Alan Cullison. “Far-Right Flocks to Russia to Berate the West.” The Wall Street Journal (March 23, 2015).

[65] Dennis Roddy. “Jared Taylor, a racist in the guise of ‘expert’”. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (January 23, 2005).

[66] “The Occidental Observer: Online Anti-Semitism’s New Voice.” Anti-Defamation League.

[67] Greg Johnson. “About Us.” Counter-Currents.com (accessed April 24, 2017).

[68] “Greg Johnson on the Alt-Right” (Interviewed by Laura Raim) Nacionalista Blanco del SoCal. YouTube (published September 9, 2016).

[69] Tom Porter. “Savitri Devi: The strange story of how a Hindu Hitler worshipper became an alt-right icon.” International Business Times (March 3, 2017).

[70] Taki Theodoracopulos. “Harvey Weinstein: ‘I offered acting jobs in exchange for sex, but so does everyone – they still do.’” Spectator USA (July 13, 2018).

[71] Josh Harkinson. “Meet the White Nationalist Trying To Ride The Trump Train to Lasting Power.” Mother Jones (October 27, 2016).

[72] Chris York. “Spectator Article Defending Greece’s Golden Dawn By Taki Theodoracopulos Causes Uproar.” Huffington Post (July 23, 2013).

[73] Alternative Right. “About Us.” Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20131206235415/http://alternativeright.com/about-us

[74] Sarah Posner. “Meet the alt-right ‘Spokesman’ Who’s Thrilled With Trump’s Rise.” Rolling Stone (October 18, 2016).

[75] Josh Harkinson. “Meet the White Nationalist Trying To Ride The Trump Train to Lasting Power.” Mother Jones (October 27, 2016).

[76] Paul Gottfried. “Opening the Conservative Mind.” Taki’s Magazine (May 19, 2009).

[77] Lance Williams. “‘The Alt-Right Side of History Will Prevail.’” Mother Jones (July 21, 2017).

[78] Harkinson. “Meet the White Nationalist Trying To Ride The Trump Train to Lasting Power.”

[79] Matt Parrott. “We’re Here. We’re Not Queer. Get Used To It.” TradYouth.org (March, 2016).

[80] Luke O’Brien. “My Journey to the Centre of the alt-right.” The Huffington Post (November 03, 2016).

[81] Casey Michel. “Beyond Trump and Putin: The American Alt-Right’s Love of the Kremlin’s Policies.” The Diplomat (October 13, 2016).

[82] Radio Aryan. “The Daily Traditionalist: Matt Johnson on Alexander Dugin.” The Daily Stormer (May 17, 2016).

[83] Casey Michel. “Beyond Trump and Putin: The American Alt-Right’s Love of the Kremlin’s Policies.” The Diplomat (October 13, 2016).

[84] Richard Warnica. “Inside Rebel Media.” National Post (2018).

[85] Kelley Weill. “Neo-Nazi Group Implodes Over Love Triangle Turned Trailer Brawl.” The Daily Beast (March 14, 2018).

[86] Brett Barrouquere. “Hatewatch.” Southern Poverty Law Center (March 27, 2018).

[87] Benjamin R. Teitelbaum. “White Nationalists Give Up Trying to Be Respectable.” The Wall Street Journal (August 13, 2017).

[88] Gerry Gable. “The growing Nazi axis.” Searchlight (May 8, 2017).

[89] Ibid.

[90] John Kersey. “Preserving the substance of a nation.” Traditional Britain Group (October 2013).

[91] “About.” traditionalbritain.org (accessed May 12, 2017).

[92] Ibid.

[93] Paul Jackson. “Traditional Britain: The New Revolutionary Conservatives.” Searchlight (January 30, 2014).

[94] Gerry Gable. “The growing Nazi axis.” Searchlight (May 8, 2017).

[95] Ibid.

[96] Tom Porter. “Meet Daniel Friberg, the Swedish mining tycoon bankrolling the alt-right’s global media empire.” International Business Times (March 6, 2017).

[97] Joscelyn Godwin, Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival (Kempton, IL: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996), p. 146.

[98] Gable. “The growing Nazi axis.”

[99] Jesse Singal. “Undercover With the Alt-Right.” New York Times (September 19, 2017).

[100] Web Team. “Ten Inspirational Quotes From Alex Kurtagic’s Speech at 2013 NPI Conference.” American Freedom Party (October 17, 2013).

[101] “An interview with Jonathan Bowden.” Conducted by Troy Southgate, jonathanbowden.co.uk (accessed August 7, 2009).

[102] Owen Matthews. “The Kremlin’s Campaign to Make Friends” Newsweek (February 16, 2015). Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/27/kremlins-campaign-make-friends-307158.html

[103] Tamir Bar-On. “Neither right, nor left?”, in Tamir Bar-On, Rethinking the French new right alternatives to modernity, (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013), pp. 39–41.

[104] Joel S Fetzer. Public attitudes toward immigration in the United States, France, and Germany (Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Mayer, Nonna; Perrineau, Pascal (July 1992). “Why do they vote for Le Pen?.” European Journal of Political Research (Wiley) 22 (1): 123–141.

[105] Ambrose Evans-Pritchard & Joan Clements. “Fortuyn killed ‘to protect Muslims’” The Guardian (March 23, 2003).

[106] Marco Marozzi. “Construction, robustness assessment and application of an index of perceived level of socio-economic threat from immigrants: a study of 47 European countries and regions.” Social Indicators Research (Springer, 2015): p. 1–25.

[107] Holly Ellyatt. “Putin ‘weaponizing’ migrant crisis to hurt Europe.” CNBC.com (March 2, 2016). Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/02/putin-weaponizing-migrant-crisis-to-hurt-europe.html

[108] Ibid.

[109] Paul Jackson. “Traditional Britain: The New Revolutionary Conservatives.” Searchlight (January 30, 2014).

[110] Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Nick Hopkins & Luke Harding. “Nigel Farage is ‘person of interest’ in FBI investigation into Trump and Russia.” The Guardian (June 1, 2017).

[111] Lucas Powers. “Brexit vote a sign U.K. ‘longing for a time and place that never was’.” CBC News (June 25, 2016).

[112] Ibid.

[113] Sam Kestenbaum. “Jewish Militants Seek White Nationalist Alliance — But Draw The Line At Nazis.” Forward (March 20, 2017).

[114] Sean Jobst. “Avigdor Eskin: Right-Wing Zionist Fanatic Behind Duginism.” Alt Right (November 7, 2017).

[115] Quaid. “Everything You Need to Know About Steve Bannon, Breitbart, & Russia.” Daily Kos (November 18, 2016).

[116] James Rainey. “Breitbart.com sets sights on ruling the conservative conversation.” Los Angeles Times (August 1, 2012).

[117] Zachary Mider. “What Kind of Man Spends Millions to Elect Ted Cruz?” Bloomberg (20 January 2016).

[118] Joshua Green. “This Man Is the Most Dangerous Political Operative in America.” Bloomberg Businessweek (October 8, 2015).

[119] Ibid.

[120] Michael Wolff. “Ringside With Steve Bannon at Trump Tower as the President-Elect’s Strategist Plots ‘An Entirely New Political Movement.’” The Hollywood Reporter (November 18, 2016).

[121] Ronald Radish. “Steve Bannon, Trump’s Top Guy, Told Me He Was ‘A Leninist’ Who Wants To ‘Destroy the State.’” The Daily Beast (August 21, 2016).

[122] Asawin Suebsaeng. “Steve Bannon’s Long Love Affair With War.” The Daily Beast (January 30, 2017).

[123] Tucson Citizen (June 13, 1991); cited in “Biosphere 2: Space Age or New Age?” The Servant (September 1992).

[124] “Biosphere 2: Space Age or New Age?” The Servant (September 1992).

[125] Joshua Green. “This Man Is the Most Dangerous Political Operative in America.” Bloomberg.com (8 October 2015).

[126] Matea Gold. “Bannon film outline warned U.S. could turn into ‘Islamic States of America’.” The Washington Post (February 3, 2017).

[127] Joshua Green. Devil’s Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump, and the Storming of the Presidency (Penguin Publishing Group, Kindle Edition), p. 204.

[128] Ibid.

[129] Ibid.

[130] Ibid., p. 206.

[131] David Kaiser. “Donald Trump, Stephen Bannon and the Coming Crisis in American National Life.” Time (18 November 2016).

[132] Nell Howe. “Where did Steve Bannon get his worldview? From my book.” The Washington Post (February 24, 2017).

[133] Neil Howe & William Strauss. The Fourth Turning: What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America’s Next Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: Broadway Books, 1997), pp. 103–104.

[134] Linette Lopez. “Steve Bannon’s obsession with a dark theory of history should be worrisome.” Business Insider (February 2, 2017).

[135] “Bannon’s War.” PBS Frontline (S35 Ep13).

[136] Samuel G. Freedman. “‘Church Militant’ Theology Is Put to New, and Politicized, Use.” New York Times (December 30, 2016).

[137] “About the Institute.” Dignitatis Humanae Institute (Retrieved on 23 July 2013).

[138] Emma-Kate Symons. “How Pope Francis can cleanse the far-right rot from the Catholic Church.” Washington Post (February 9, 2006).

[139] Edward Pentin. “Institute Supports Catholic Politicians in the Trenches.” Zenit (March 31, 2011).

[140] “HRH The Duke of Kent KG, GCMG, GCVO, ADC// Grand Master.” (UGLE. January 2014).

[141] Francis X. Rocca. “Cardinal Burke optimistic on reconciliation with SSPX.” Catholic News Service (June 15, 2012).

[142] Jason Horowitz. “Steve Bannon Carries Battles to Another Influential Hub: The Vatican.” New York Times (February 7, 2017).

[143] Ibid.

[144] Edward Pentin. “Disorder in the Order of Malta.” National Catholic Register (January. 7, 2017).

[145] Derek Blasberg. “The Conversion of Gloria TNT.” Vanity Fair (June 2006).

[146] Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller. Mann für Mann, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte von Freundesliebe und männlicher Sexualität im deutschen Sprachraum (Hamburg 1998), p. 689.

[147] J.R. Moehringer. “Princess Gloria von Thurn und Taxis Would Like to Paint Your Portrait.” Vanity Fair (June 18, 2014).

[148] Jason Horowitz. “The ‘It’ ‘80s Party Girl Is Now a Defender of the Catholic Faith.” The New York Times (December 7, 2018).

[149] Jason Horowitz. “The ‘It’ ‘80s Party Girl Is Now a Defender of the Catholic Faith.” The New York Times (December 7, 2018).

[150] Jason Horowitz. “Pope Francis Long Knew of Cardinal's Abuse and Must Resign, Archbishop Says.” The New York Times (August 26, 2018).

[151] Robert Mackey. “Steve Bannon Made Breitbart a Space for Pro-Israel Writers and Anti-Semitic Readers.” The Intercept (November 16, 2016).

[152] Amir Tibon. “After Steve Bannon’s Dismissal, pro-Israel Hardliners Lose an Ally in the White House.” Haaretz (August 19, 2017).

[153] Ibid.

[154] Allison Kaplan Sommer. “Bannon a 'Passionate Zionist and Supporter of Israel,' Says Top Jewish Trump Donor.” Haaretz (November 16, 2016).

[155] “Rabbi Shmuley: America’s Rabbi.” Rabbi Shmuley official website [Retrieved February 3, 2015].

[156] Amir Timon. “After Steve Bannon’s Dismissal, pro-Israel Hardliners Lose an Ally in the White House.” Haaretz (August 19, 2017).

[157] Dave Weigel. “Is Trump’s new chief strategist a racist? Critics say so.” Washington Post (14 November 2016).

[158] Robert Mackey. “Steve Bannon Made Breitbart a Space for Pro-Israel Writers and Anti-Semitic Readers.” The Intercept (November 16, 2016).

[159] Vincent Jaurent. “Poutine et le FN: Revelations sure le Reseal des Le Pen.” L’Os (November 27, 2014); cited in Nicola Lebourg. “The French Far Right in Russia’s Orbit.” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (May 15, 2018).

Volume Six

1. Culture Wars

2. Red Mafia

3. From Russia With Love

4. #MeToo

5. Conservative Media

6. Atl-Reich

7. Multipolar World Order

8. Katehon

9. Collusion

10. Russia House

11. Techno-Libertarianism

12. Military-Digital Complex

13. Fake News

14. Memetic Warfare

15. Big Data

16. Make America White Again!

17. In Trump We Trust

18. Israel First